《材料員》課件-3-2 建筑施工圖

第3章建筑工程識(shí)圖Chapter3ArchitecturalEngineeringDrawingRecognition3.2建筑施工圖

Architecturalconstructiondrawings總平面圖generallayout013.2建筑施工圖

Architecturalconstructiondrawings建筑平面圖Architecturalplans02建筑立面圖

Architecturalelevations03建筑剖面圖Architecturalsection04建筑詳圖

ArchitecturalDetails05建筑施工圖Architecturalconstructiondrawings建筑施工圖是表示建筑物的總體布局、外部造型、內(nèi)部布置、細(xì)部構(gòu)造、內(nèi)外裝修以及施工要求的圖樣。

Architecturalconstructiondrawingsaredrawingsthatrepresenttheoveralllayout,externalshape,internallayout,detailedstructure,interiorandexteriordecoration,andconstructionrequirementsofabuilding.建筑施工圖Architecturalconstructiondrawings建筑施工圖主要用來(lái)作為施工放線、砌墻、安裝門窗、室內(nèi)外裝修以及編制預(yù)算和施工組織計(jì)劃等的依據(jù)。Buildingconstructiondrawingsaremainlyusedasthebasisforconstructionlayout,walllaying,installationofdoorsandwindows,indoorandoutdoordecoration,aswellaspreparationofbudgetsandconstructionorganizationplans.建筑施工圖Architecturalconstructiondrawings一般包括總平面圖、建筑平面圖、建筑立面圖、建筑剖面圖和建筑詳圖。Itgenerallyincludesgenerallayout,Architecturalplans,Architecturalelevations,ArchitecturalsectionandArchitecturalDetails.1.總平面圖Generallayout將擬建工程四周一定范圍內(nèi)的新建、擬建、原有和拆除的建筑物連同其周圍的地形地物狀況，用水平投影和相應(yīng)的圖例所畫出的圖樣，稱總平面圖。Thegeneralplanreferstothedrawingofnew,proposed,existing,anddemolishedbuildingswithinacertainrangearoundtheproposedproject,alongwiththesurroundingterrainandfeatures,usinghorizontalprojectionandcorrespondinglegends.它能反映出新建房屋和原有房屋的位置、朝向、道路、綠化等的布置以及地形、地貌、標(biāo)高等。Itcanreflectthelocation,orientation,layoutofroads,greenery,terrain,topography,andelevationofnewlybuiltandexistinghouses.1.總平面圖Generallayout總平面圖是新建房屋施工定位、土方施工以及其它專業(yè)（如水、暖、電、煤氣等）管線總平面圖設(shè)計(jì)的重要依據(jù)。Thegenerallayoutplanisanimportantbasisforthepositioningofnewbuildingconstruction,earthworkconstruction,andthedesignofpipelinegenerallayoutplansforotherspecialties(suchaswater,heating,electricity,gas,etc.).1.總平面圖Generallayout總平面圖常用圖例

表3-5CommonLegendforGeneralLayoutTable3-5

總平面圖一般采用1:500、1:1000、1:2000的比例，表3-5給出了總平面圖中的部分圖例。Thegenerallayoutplangenerallyadoptsascaleof1:500,1:1000,and1:2000.Tables3-5providesomelegendsintheoveralllayoutplan.1.總平面圖Generallayout在總平面圖中，除圖例以外，通常還要畫出帶有指北方向的風(fēng)向頻率玫瑰圖（簡(jiǎn)稱風(fēng)玫瑰圖），用來(lái)表示該地區(qū)常年的風(fēng)向頻率和房屋的朝向。Inthegenerallayout,inadditiontothelegend,thewinddirectionfrequencyrosechartwiththenorthdirection(Windroseforshort)isusuallydrawntoindicatetheperennialwinddirectionfrequencyoftheareaandtheorientationofthehouse.TheWindroseisdrawnaccordingtothenumberofwinddirectionsinthelocalaveragestatisticsformanyyearsinacertainproportion.總平面圖常用圖例

表3-5CommonLegendforGeneralLayoutTable3-5

1.總平面圖Generallayout總平面圖常用圖例

表3-5CommonLegendforGeneralLayoutTable3-5

風(fēng)玫瑰圖是根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)囟嗄昶骄y(tǒng)計(jì)的風(fēng)向次數(shù)，按一定比例繪制的，風(fēng)的吹向是從外吹向中心。實(shí)線表示全年風(fēng)向頻率，虛線表示夏季風(fēng)向頻率。Thewinddirectionisfromoutsidetothecenter.Thesolidlinerepresentstheannualwinddirectionfrequency,whilethedashedlinerepresentsthesummerwinddirectionfrequency.在總平面圖中，常標(biāo)出新建房屋的總長(zhǎng)，總寬和定位尺寸，新建房屋室內(nèi)底層地面和室外地面的絕對(duì)標(biāo)高，尺寸和標(biāo)高都以m為單位，注寫到小數(shù)點(diǎn)以后兩位數(shù)字。Inthegeneralplan,thetotallength,totalwidthandpositioningdimensionsofthenewbuildingareoftenmarked.Theabsoluteelevationoftheindoorgroundfloorandoutdoorgroundfloorofthenewbuildingisinm,andthesizeandelevationarewrittenintwodigitsaftertheDecimalseparator.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans建筑平面圖是房屋的水平剖面圖，是假想用一個(gè)水平剖切面，沿門窗洞的位置將房屋切開，移去剖切平面上方的房屋，將留下的部分向水平投影面作正投影所得到的圖樣。

Thearchitecturalplansisthehorizontalsectionofthehouse,whichisthedrawingobtainedbyassumingthatahorizontalsectionplaneisusedtocutthehousealongthepositionofthedoorandwindowopenings,removethehouseabovethesectionplane,andmakeaOrthographicmapprojectionoftheleftparttothehorizontalprojectionplane.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans它主要用來(lái)表示房屋的平面布置情況，在施工過(guò)程中，是進(jìn)行放線、砌墻和安裝門窗等工作的依據(jù)。Itismainlyusedtorepresentthelayoutofahouseandservesasthebasisforsettingout,walllaying,andinstallationofdoorsandwindowsduringtheconstructionprocess.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans它主要用來(lái)表示一般地，建筑平面圖應(yīng)包括以下內(nèi)容：Ingeneral,theArchitecturalplanshallincludethefollowingcontents:1）圖名、比例、朝向、層次Title,Scale,Orientation,Hierarchy2）縱、橫定位軸線及其編號(hào)Verticalandhorizontalpositioningaxesandtheirnumbers3）墻、柱的斷面形狀和大小Sectionshapeandsizeofwallsandcolumns（1）圖示內(nèi)容Graphiccontent4）各房間的分隔情況，門窗布置及型號(hào)Partitioningoftherooms,arrangementandtypeofdoorsandwindows5）樓梯梯段的走向和級(jí)數(shù)Thedirectionandnumberofstepsofstairs6）其他構(gòu)配件如臺(tái)階、雨蓬、陽(yáng)臺(tái)的位置，衛(wèi)生間、廚房、壁廚等固定設(shè)備及雨水管、明溝的布置Thelocationofothercomponentssuchassteps,awnings,balconies,fixedequipmentsuchasbathrooms,kitchens,andwallkitchens,aswellasthelayoutofrainwaterpipesandopenchannels7）軸線間距、各建筑構(gòu)配件的定形尺寸、定位尺寸以及樓地面的標(biāo)高Axisspacing,fixeddimensionsofvariousbuildingcomponents,positioningdimensions,andfloorelevation8）剖面圖的剖切符號(hào)Sectioningsymbolsforcutawaydrawings9）詳圖索引符號(hào)Indexsymbolsfordetaileddrawings10）施工說(shuō)明等Constructioninstructions,etc.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements1）定位軸線Positioningaxis

定位軸線用細(xì)點(diǎn)劃線繪制，其編號(hào)注在直徑為8～10mm的圓內(nèi)，圓心在定位軸線的延長(zhǎng)線或延長(zhǎng)線的折線上。平面圖上定位軸線的編號(hào)，標(biāo)注在圖樣的下方與左側(cè)，橫向編號(hào)用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，從左至右順序編寫，豎向編號(hào)用大寫拉丁字母（I、O、Z除外）從下至上順序編寫。Thepositioningaxisisdrawnwithafinedottedline,anditsnumberisindicatedinacirclewithadiameterof8-10mm.Thecenterofthecircleisontheextensionlineofthepositioningaxisorthebrokenlineoftheextensionline.Thenumberofthepositioningaxisontheplanismarkedatthebottomandleftofthedrawing.ThehorizontalnumberiswritteninArabicnumeralsfromlefttoright,andtheverticalnumberiswrittenincapitalLatinscript(exceptI,O,Z)frombottomtotop.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements1）定位軸線Positioningaxis在標(biāo)注非承重的分隔墻或次要的承重構(gòu)件時(shí)，可在兩根軸線之間附加軸線，附加軸線的編號(hào)應(yīng)按圖3-3所規(guī)定的分?jǐn)?shù)表示。Whenlabelingnonload-bearingpartitionwallsorsecondaryload-bearingcomponents,additionalaxescanbeaddedbetweenthetwoaxes,andthenumberingoftheadditionalaxesshouldberepresentedbythefractionspecifiedinFigure3-3.圖3-3附加軸線及其編號(hào)Figure3-3Additionalaxesandtheirnumbering（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements2）圖線Graphline建筑平面圖中被剖切到的主要輪廓線，如墻的斷面輪廓線用粗實(shí)線表示；ThemaincontourlinescutintheArchitecturalplans,suchasthesectioncontourlinesofthewall,arerepresentedbythicksolidlines;次要輪廓線，如樓梯、踏步、臺(tái)階等，用中實(shí)線表示；Secondarycontourlines,suchasstairs,steps,steps,etc.,arerepresentedbysolidlines;圖例線、引出線、標(biāo)高符號(hào)等用細(xì)實(shí)線表示。Legendlines,outletlines,elevationsymbols,etc.arerepresentedbythinsolidlines.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements3）符號(hào)和圖例Symbolsandlegends在底層平面圖上應(yīng)畫出指北針，所指方向應(yīng)與總平面圖中風(fēng)玫瑰的指北方向一致。指北針用細(xì)實(shí)線繪制，圓的直徑為24mm，指北針尾部寬為3mm，指針尖端指向北，由指北針可以看出整幢住宅和各個(gè)房間的朝向。Onthegroundfloorplan,anortharrowshouldbedrawn,pointinginthesamedirectionasthenortharrowofthewindroseontheoverallplan.Thenortharrowisdrawnwithathinsolidline,withacirclediameterof24mmandatailwidthof3mm.Thetipofthepointerpointsnorth,indicatingtheorientationoftheentirehouseandvariousrooms.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements3）符號(hào)和圖例Symbolsandlegends對(duì)需要另畫詳圖表達(dá)的局部構(gòu)造或構(gòu)件，應(yīng)在圖中相應(yīng)部位用索引符號(hào)索引；而索引出的詳圖，則應(yīng)畫出詳圖符號(hào)。Forlocalstructuresorcomponentsthatneedtobeshowninanotherdetaildrawing,thecorrespondingpartsofthedrawingshallbeindexedwithindexsymbols;Andforthedetaileddrawingsledoutbythecable,thedetaileddrawingsymbolsshouldbedrawn.比例為1:100、1:200時(shí)，建筑平面圖中的墻、柱斷面不畫建筑材料圖例，而按《建筑制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的規(guī)定，采用簡(jiǎn)化畫法，磚墻涂紅，鋼筋混凝土涂黑。Whenthescaleis1:100and1:200,thewallandcolumnsectionsintheFloorplandonotdrawbuildingmateriallegends,butaccordingtotheprovisionsof“theStandardforArchitecturalDrawing”,thesimplifieddrawingmethodisadopted,withbrickwallspaintedredandreinforcedconcretepaintedblack.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements4）尺寸標(biāo)注Dimensionmarking在建筑平面圖中，應(yīng)標(biāo)注房屋總長(zhǎng)、總寬，各房間的開間、進(jìn)深，門窗洞的寬度、位置、墻厚，以及其他一些主要構(gòu)配件與固定設(shè)施的定形和定位尺寸。IntheArchitecturalplans,thetotallengthandwidthofthehouse,thebayanddepthofeachroom,thewidth,locationandwallthicknessofthedoorandwindowopenings,andthesettingandpositioningdimensionsofothermaincomponents,fittingsandfixedfacilitiesshallbemarked.其中外墻應(yīng)注三道尺寸，最靠近圖形的一道，是表示外墻的細(xì)部尺寸；Threedimensionsshouldbenotedontheexteriorwall,andtheoneclosesttothefigurerepresentsthedetaileddimensionsoftheexteriorwall;（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements4）尺寸標(biāo)注Dimensionmarking第二道主要標(biāo)注軸線間的尺寸；Thesecondlinemainlyindicatesthedimensionsbetweentheaxes;最外一道，表示這幢住宅兩端外墻面之間的總尺寸。上述尺寸，均不包括粉刷層厚度。Theoutermostonerepresentsthetotalsizebetweentheouterwallsofbothendsofthisresidentialbuilding.Theabovedimensionsdonotincludethethicknessofthepaintlayer.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans在建筑平面圖中，宜標(biāo)注室內(nèi)外地面、樓地面、陽(yáng)臺(tái)等處的完成面標(biāo)高，即包括面層（粉刷層厚度）在內(nèi)的建筑標(biāo)高。在底層平面圖中，還應(yīng)標(biāo)注出地面的相對(duì)標(biāo)高，在地面有起伏處，應(yīng)畫出分界線。IntheArchitecturalplans,itisadvisabletomarkthefinishedsurfaceelevationoftheindoorandoutdoorground,floor,balcony,etc.,thatis,thebuildingelevationincludingthesurfacelayer(thicknessofpaintlayer).Inthegroundfloorplan,therelativeelevationofthegroundshouldalsobemarked,andatareaswithundulations,boundarylinesshouldbedrawn.（3）建筑平面圖識(shí)讀Architecturalplansreading底層平面圖是在底層窗臺(tái)之上，底層通向二層樓梯平臺(tái)之下水平剖切后，按俯視方向投射所得到的圖形，主要反映這幢住宅底層的平面布置和房間大小。Thegroundfloorplanisagraphicobtainedbyprojectingthehorizontalsectionofthegroundfloorabovethewindowsillandbelowthelandingofthesecondfloorstaircaseinatop-downdirection,mainlyreflectingthegroundfloorlayoutandroomsizeofthisresidentialbuilding.3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖是在與房屋立面相平行的投影面上所作的正投影。它主要用來(lái)表示建筑物的體型和外貌，并表明外墻面的裝修要求。TheArchitecturalelevationsisaOrthographicmapprojectionmadeontheprojectionplaneparalleltothebuildingelevation.Itismainlyusedtorepresenttheshapeandappearanceofabuilding,andtoindicatethedecorationrequirementsfortheexteriorwalls.3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations房屋有多個(gè)立面，通常把房屋的主要入口的立面圖畫為正立面圖，從而確定背立面圖和側(cè)立面圖。Ahousehasmultiplefacades,andthemainentranceofthehouseisusuallydepictedasthefrontelevationtodeterminethebackandsideelevations.3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations有定位軸線的建筑物，根據(jù)兩端定位軸線編號(hào)確定立面圖名稱；Forbuildingswithpositioningaxes,determinetheelevationnamebasedonthenumberingofthepositioningaxesatbothends;3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations無(wú)定位軸線的建筑物，則可按房屋的朝向來(lái)定立面圖的名稱，例如南立面圖、東立面圖。Forbuildingswithoutapositioningaxis,thenameoftheelevationcanbedeterminedbasedontheorientationofthebuilding,suchasthesouthelevationandeastelevation.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations有定位軸線的建筑物，根據(jù)兩端定位軸線編號(hào)確定立面圖名稱；Forbuildingswithpositioningaxes,determinetheelevationnamebasedonthenumberingofthepositioningaxesatbothends;無(wú)定位軸線的建筑物，則可按房屋的朝向來(lái)定立面圖的名稱，例如南立面圖、東立面圖。Forbuildingswithoutapositioningaxis,thenameoftheelevationcanbedeterminedbasedontheorientationofthebuilding,suchasthesouthelevationandeastelevation.（1）圖示內(nèi)容Contentoftheillustrations1）圖名、比例Figurename,scale2）立面兩端的定位軸線及其編號(hào)Positioningaxesandtheirnumbersattheendsofthefa?ade3）門窗的位置和形狀Positionandshapeofwindowsanddoors4）屋頂?shù)耐庑蜹heshapeoftheroof5）外墻面的裝飾及做法Externalwallfinishesandpractices（1）圖示內(nèi)容Contentoftheillustrations6）臺(tái)階、雨篷、陽(yáng)臺(tái)等的位置、形狀和做法Location,shapeandpracticeofsteps,canopies,balconies,etc.7）標(biāo)高及必需標(biāo)注的局部尺寸Elevationsandrequiredpartialdimensions8）詳圖索引符號(hào)Indexsymbolsfordetaileddrawings9）施工說(shuō)明等Constructioninstructions,etc.3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations1）定位軸線Positioningaxis2）圖線Graphline3）尺寸標(biāo)注Dimensionmarking（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements3）尺寸標(biāo)注Dimensionmarking在立面圖中，一般不標(biāo)注房屋的總長(zhǎng)和總高，也不標(biāo)注門、窗的寬度和高度尺寸，而應(yīng)標(biāo)注室內(nèi)外地面、樓面、陽(yáng)臺(tái)、平臺(tái)、檐口、門、窗等處的標(biāo)高。Inelevationdrawings,thetotallengthandheightofthehouse,aswellasthewidthandheightdimensionsofdoorsandwindows,aregenerallynotindicated.Instead,theelevationsofindoorandoutdoorfloors,floors,balconies,platforms,eaves,doors,windows,etc.shouldbeindicated.（3）建筑立面圖識(shí)讀Readingofarchitecturalelevations4.建筑剖面圖Architecturalsection建筑剖面圖是房屋的垂直剖面圖，是假想用一個(gè)鉛垂剖切平面剖開房屋，將位于剖切平面與觀察者的部分移去，留下的部分向投影面作投影所得到的圖形。Aarchitecturalsectionisaverticalcross-sectionalviewofahouse,whichisafigureobtainedbyimaginingaverticalcuttingplanetocutopenthehouse,removingthepartlocatedbetweenthecuttingplaneandtheobserver,andprojectingtheremainingparttowardstheprojectionplane.4.建筑剖面圖Architecturalsection建筑剖面圖的剖切位置根據(jù)具體情況而定，一般選在內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，能反映房屋全貌和構(gòu)造特征的地方，剖面圖的數(shù)量視房屋的復(fù)雜程度和施工中的實(shí)際需要而定。Thecuttingpositionofaarchitecturalsectiondependsonthespecificsituation,andisgenerallyselectedinaplacewithcomplexinternalstructuresthatcanreflecttheoverallviewandstructuralcharacteristicsofthehouse.Thenumberofprofilemapsdependsonthecomplexityofthehouseandtheactualneedsofconstruction.建筑剖面圖主要用來(lái)表示房屋的內(nèi)部分層、結(jié)構(gòu)形式、構(gòu)造方法、材料、做法、各部位間的聯(lián)系及其標(biāo)高等情況。TheArchitecturalsectionismainlyusedtorepresenttheinternallayering,structuralform,constructionmethod,materials,methods,connectionsbetweenvariousparts,andtheirelevationsofthehouse.在施工過(guò)程中，建筑剖面圖是進(jìn)行分層、砌筑內(nèi)墻、鋪設(shè)樓板、屋面板和樓梯、內(nèi)部裝修等工作的依據(jù)。Duringtheconstructionprocess,thebuildingprofileisthebasisforlayering,buildinginternalwalls,layingfloors,roofpanelsandstairs,andinteriordecorationwork.（1）圖示內(nèi)容Contentoftheillustrations1）圖名、比例Figurename,scale2）外墻的定位軸線及其編號(hào)Positioningaxesofthefacadeandtheirnumbering3）剖切到的室內(nèi)外地面、樓板、屋頂、內(nèi)外墻及門窗、各種梁、樓梯、陽(yáng)臺(tái)、雨篷等的位置、形狀及圖例Thepositions,shapes,andlegendsofindoorandoutdoorfloors,floors,roofs,interiorandexteriorwalls,doorsandwindows,variousbeams,stairs,balconies,awnings,etc.thatarecutintosections4）未剖切到的可見部分輪廓線，如墻、門窗、梁、柱的位置和形狀Locationandshapeofvisiblepartsofcontoursnotcutinto,suchaswalls,windows,doors,beamsandcolumns5）垂直尺寸及標(biāo)高Verticaldimensionsandelevations6）詳圖索引符號(hào)Indexsymbolsfordetaileddrawings7）施工說(shuō)明等Constructioninstructions,etc.1）定位軸線Positioningaxis2）圖線Graphline3）尺寸標(biāo)注Dimensionmarking（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements（3）建筑剖面圖識(shí)讀ReadingArchitecturalSections（3）建筑剖面圖識(shí)讀ReadingArchitecturalSections5.建筑詳圖ArchitecturalDetails建筑詳圖是建筑細(xì)部的施工圖。因?yàn)榻ㄖ健⒘?、剖面圖一般采用較小的比例，因而某些建筑構(gòu)配件（如門、窗、樓梯、陽(yáng)臺(tái)等）和節(jié)點(diǎn)（如檐口、窗頂、窗臺(tái)、明溝等）的詳細(xì)構(gòu)造和尺寸都不能在這些圖中表達(dá)清楚。Aarchitect