《英語翻譯概論》PPT課件.ppt

翻 譯,南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 金敏娜,Notice,This is an introduction course to translation and interpretation, so students are just the beginners. Please do not set a very ambitious goal, and never take you as a translator or an interpreter. If so, you will feel greatly discouraged and frustrated.,Instructor 金 敏 娜 Mina 主修：翻譯理論與實(shí)踐 獲英語語言文學(xué)碩士學(xué)位,實(shí)踐活動(dòng)（before 2009）,口 譯： 參加各類會(huì)議、活動(dòng)口譯20余場(chǎng) 擔(dān)任省、市政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)隨行口譯 比利時(shí)前總理訪華生活口譯,實(shí)踐活動(dòng)（before 2009）,筆 譯 翻譯各類文字二十余萬字 發(fā)表譯文數(shù)篇 發(fā)表相關(guān)論文數(shù)篇,聯(lián)系方式,Outline of this course,翻譯概論 英漢語言的差異 筆譯基本技巧 口譯基本技巧 翻譯考試介紹 測(cè) 試,你最希望在翻譯課上學(xué)到什么？,第一講 翻譯概論,南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 金敏娜,Outline,Definitions of translation Process of translation Prerequisites for translators Criteria of translation Key terms of translating practices,Whats translation?,唐朝(618-907)賈公彥義疏“譯即易， 為換易言語使相解也” 宋代(960-1279)法云(1088-1158)翻譯名義集“夫翻譯者，謂翻梵天之語轉(zhuǎn)成漢地之言。音雖似別，義則大同.” Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text from one language into another language, of an equivalent text that communicates the same message.,Eugene A. Nida,Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 翻譯, 是在譯語中用切近而又最自然的對(duì)等語再現(xiàn)原語的信息。首先是意義, 其次是文體。,Translation,Source Language (e.g. English),transfer,Target Language (e.g. Arabic),Written Text,Source Language (e.g. English),transfer,Target Language (e.g. Arabic),Spoken Discourse,Interpretation,Translation - with time and access to resources such as dictionaries - There is a very high standard of accuracy for translation Interpretation usually takes place “on the spot“ with the clients present deals with utterances (although the source language may be a text).,The process of translation,87.You would not have failed if you had _. (按照我的指令去做) 88.Despite the hardship he encountered, Mark never_ . (放棄對(duì)知識(shí)的追求),89.Scientists agree that it will be a long time before_. (我們找到治愈癌癥的方法) 90.Production has to be increased considerably to _.(與消費(fèi)者不斷增長的需求保持同步) 91.The more exercise you take, _ .(你越不大可能感冒),87. followed my instructions 88. gave up pursuing knowledge 89. we find the methods of curing cancers 90. keep pace with the constantly increasing demands of consumers 91. the fewer chances you will have of catching a cold,There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.,Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47 Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the worlds work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.,46. 盡管人們可以這樣說，對(duì)任何一個(gè)社會(huì)制度價(jià)值的衡量就是其在增長和豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面所產(chǎn)生的影響，但是這種影響并不是其最初（原來）動(dòng)機(jī)的一部分。 47. 這個(gè)制度的副產(chǎn)品僅僅是為人們所逐步注意到，而在實(shí)施這種制度時(shí)，認(rèn)為這種影響是一個(gè)制約因素則仍然更為緩慢。,第一檔：很好地完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)，理解準(zhǔn)確無誤，表達(dá)通順清楚，沒有錯(cuò)譯漏譯 第二檔：基本完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)，理解基本準(zhǔn)確，表達(dá)比較通順，沒有重大錯(cuò)譯漏譯 第三檔：未能按要求完成試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)，理解原文不夠準(zhǔn)確，表達(dá)欠通順，有明顯錯(cuò)譯漏譯。,理解+表達(dá),Process of Translation: Eugene A. Nida,Process of Translation,閱讀Reading: Reading from the perspective of a translator is totally different from everyday reading. first reading: general reading for main idea, theme, background second reading: careful reading for details final reading: stylistic features, spirit,Process of Translation,(2) 理解Understanding: At this stage, we should bear in mind all the participants involved in the translating process. 1)contextual analysis The slums offered an ugly contrast to the classical grandeur of official Washington. The baseball season opens this afternoon and I suspect that most of official Washington are out at the field, including the president and many of the members of the Cabinet. 2)logical analysis The old man informed us that his wife had thirteen children, one in every month of the year and one over besides.,Process of Translation,(3) 表達(dá)Expressing: a) To express the content and in the meantime keep the original form mainly including structure arrangement, image, figure of speech, etc. 我從鄉(xiāng)下跑到城里來，一轉(zhuǎn)眼已經(jīng)六年了。 Six years have passed by in a flash/ in a twinkle since I came to the city from the countryside.,b) Keep the original content, sacrificing the form. 有個(gè)農(nóng)村叫張家莊，張家莊有個(gè)張木匠，張木匠有個(gè)好老婆，外號(hào)叫“小飛蛾”， “小飛蛾”生了個(gè)女兒叫艾艾。 There was a village called Zhangjia Village, where lived Carpenter Zhang, who had a good wife, nicknamed little Moth, who gave birth to a girl called Ai ai.,(4) Re-expressing a) Improving Chinese readability Cotton feels soft. 棉花使人感到柔軟。棉花摸上去柔軟。 Even if you go there, there wouldnt be any result. 即使你去了，也不會(huì)有什么結(jié)果。你去了也是白去。 b) Getting rid of the bound of original words Any person not leaving litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of 5.,Process of Translation,Process of Translation,(4)校對(duì) Proof-reading: we had better put the draft aside for a number of days and then pick it up for proof-reading.,理解是確切翻譯的基礎(chǔ)和關(guān)鍵。 通讀全文，領(lǐng)略大意。 明辨語法，弄清關(guān)系。 聯(lián)系上下，推敲詞義。,We must insert a new fuse every time a fuse has functioned. 每當(dāng)保險(xiǎn)絲是燒斷后，我們就換上新的。 Tom is now with his wife in Chicago. It is already 5 years since he was in New York City. 湯姆現(xiàn)在同妻子住在芝加哥，他不在紐約住已經(jīng)五年了。,Practice,Its not easy to be a translator!,Prerequisites for translators,Linguistic proficiency Encyclopedic knowledge Sense of responsibility translation techniques,1. Linguistic proficiency,Good bi-lingual competence, esp. understanding and expressing You cant be too careful. It is five years since he smoked.,2. Encyclopedic knowledge,the broadening of the range and scope of our general knowledge: especially the cultural and historical affairs, and traditional custom etc;,3. Sense of responsibility,Following the original works intention； Professional ethics； Improving competence,例:,克林頓總統(tǒng)1998年訪華的高潮是在北京大學(xué)發(fā)表演講。演說現(xiàn)場(chǎng)直播所用的同聲翻譯由美國自己提供這是美國總統(tǒng)首次直接對(duì)中國民眾發(fā)表講話。通過電視觀看演說的美國評(píng)論員認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)驚人的成功。但在中國，克林頓的演說一結(jié)束，中央電視臺(tái)的主持人就向觀眾表達(dá)歉意，因?yàn)槊绹恕胺g的中文不倫不類”。雖然演說詞的翻譯在意思上到位，但表述拙劣，容易造成誤解，堪稱失敗的翻譯。,Criteria of Translation,In China: 嚴(yán)復(fù)：信、達(dá)、雅 (faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance) 傅雷：神似 (spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit ) 錢鐘書：化境 (transmigration) 魯迅： 寧信而不順 林語堂：忠實(shí)、通順、美 梁實(shí)秋：寧錯(cuò)務(wù)順 瞿秋白：信順統(tǒng)一 許淵沖：音美、形美、意美,Criteria for beginners: Faithfulness Smoothness,Key Terms: Faithfulness vs Smoothness,Smoothness It requires that version must be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read without signs of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure and crabbed language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and turbid logic. Different languages have different ways of expression. The translator must try to follow the custom and good usage of the languages used and not stick to the mode of expression of the original.,How to translate these?,What the god-damned hell are you doing now? He wanted to learn, to know, to teach. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, for ability.,Key Terms: Equivalence vs non-equivalence,Equivalence “equal value” of the SL and TL text (sense- and content-related identity) Non-equivalence at word level means that the target language has no direct equivalent for a word which occurs in the text.,optional equivalence,a given SL unit has several equivalents in the target language e.g. in German: Spannung, in English: voltage, tension, suspense, stress, pressure),approximate equivalence,the meaning of a SL unit is divided between two TL equivalents e.g. German: Himmel, English: heaven/sky),zero equivalence,the SL unit does not have a TL equivalent e.g. realia no-no,How do we handle a non-equivalence,Translation by a more general word (superordinate) Translation by a more natural/less expressive word Translation by cultural substitution Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation,Translation by paraphrase using a related word Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words Translation by omission Translation by illustration,How do we handle a non-equivalence,Key Terms: Literal vs Free Translation,Literal Translation SL-oriented translation A translation “made on a level lower than is sufficient to convey the content unchanged while observing TL norms”（Barkhudarov） Not to alter the original words and sentences; to strive to keep the sentiments and style of the original; sentence as the basic unit Representatives: Lu Xun, Venuti,etc.,Free Translation Known as sense-for-sense translation;TL-oriented translation A translation “made on a level higher than is necessary to convey the content unchanged while observing TL norms”（Barkhudarov） to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech; alternative method of literal Representatives: Zhao Jingshen and others in the 1930-40s, Nida, etc.,Key Terms: Literal vs Free Translation,/articleview/2008-10-27/article_view_14137.htm,Literal or Free Translation?,1) Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft. 直譯：把貴重物品放在顯眼處，等于是給小偷發(fā)請(qǐng)?zhí)?意譯：應(yīng)妥善保管貴重物品，以防被盜。 2) A gift is the key to open the door closed against. 直譯：禮物是打開把你關(guān)在外的房門的鑰匙。 意譯：大門把你關(guān)在外，禮物送到門自開。,3）Every life has its roses and thorns. 直譯：每個(gè)人的一生都既有玫瑰，又有荊棘。 意譯：人生總是有苦有樂，甘苦參半。 4）I talked to him with brutal frankness. 逐詞翻譯：我同他談話用粗暴的坦率 直譯：我同他談話時(shí)，使用了令人不快的真誠的語言。 意譯：我對(duì)他講的話，雖然逆耳，卻是忠言,5) His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night. 逐詞翻譯：他的煩惱不能承受夜晚寧靜的美麗。 直譯：他的煩惱經(jīng)不起這寧靜的良宵美景的感染。 意譯：面對(duì)這寧靜的良宵美景，他的煩惱不禁渙然冰釋了。,Foreignization A term used by Venuti (1995) to designate the type of translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the ST, eg. Ezra Pounds translations, Lu Xuns translations,Key Terms: Foreignization vs Domestication,Domestication/Naturalization A term used by Venuti (1995) to describe the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for TL readers, eg. Zhu Shenghaos translations, Zhang Guruos translations, Eugene Nidas translation proposal,Key Terms: Foreignization vs Domestication,Foreignization vs Domestication,異化(foreignization) 歸化(domestication) 例：Spring, the sweet spring is the years pleasant king. 春，甘美之春，一年之中的堯舜。郭沫若,Foreignization vs Domestication,Youve got to have faith up your sleeve, otherwise you wont succeed. 你必須袖里藏有自信，否則你不會(huì)成功（異化） 你必須有錦囊妙計(jì)，否則你不會(huì)成功（歸化）,Some Examples of Domestication,as timid as a hare at a stones throw wet like a drown rat as stupid as a goose as stubborn as a mule seek a hare in a hens nest as dumb as an oyster,膽小如鼠 一箭之遙 濕如落湯雞 蠢得像豬 犟得像牛 緣木求魚 守口如瓶,Examples of Domestication,cry up wine and sell vinegar put back the clock talk horse kill the goose that lays the golden eggs drink like a fish Once the wife of a person, always the wife of a person.,掛羊頭，賣狗肉 開倒車 吹牛 殺雞取卵 牛飲 嫁雞隨雞，嫁狗隨狗。,Over-domestication/Dead Translation,watch sister you me you me We two who and who？ If you want money, I have no; if you want life, I have one! Hello everybody! If you have something to say, then say! If you have nothing to say, go home! You have seed I will give you some color to see see, brothers! Together up !,表妹 彼此彼此 咱倆誰跟誰呀？ 要錢沒有，要命一條。 有事起奏，無事退朝 你有種，我要給你點(diǎn)顏色瞧瞧，兄弟們，一起上！,Exercises,Fill in the blanks: Yan Fus 3-word translation criteria are _, _ and _. 2) The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are _ and _.,Translate following into English: 1) 信達(dá)雅 2）“寧順而不信?！?“寧信而不順?！?3）“保持著原作風(fēng)姿。” 4）忠實(shí)、通順 5）直譯與意譯,Key to Exercises,1) faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance 2) faithfulness, smoothness,1)