句子成分和句子結(jié)構(gòu)講解 無答案.doc

句子成分一主語（subject）: 句子說明的人或事物。請找出下列句子的主語并指出什么（詞，短語或句子）可以充當(dāng)主語。The sun rises in the east. He likes dancing. Twenty years is a short time in history. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. What he needs is a book. It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. 常見錯誤分析2：動詞及其短語在作句子的主語時，只能使用其to do 或 doing 的形式。其中不定式強(qiáng)調(diào)具體的某一次的動作，-ing 強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。改錯：1.play computer games does no good to us.2.Have a walk in the street is her hobby.3.Go home at once is his decision 4.Make more friends will do good to us.5.Im like computer very much.6.The story was happening the year before last.二賓語：1動作的承受者-動賓請找出下列句子的賓語并指出什么可以充當(dāng)賓語。I like China.He hates you. How many do you need? We need two. I enjoy working with you. I hope to see you again. Did you write down what he said? 2介詞后的名詞、代詞和動名詞-介賓Are you afraid of the snake/me/fighting? 3雙賓語-間賓（指人）和直賓（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. 常見錯誤分析1：介詞后跟賓語時，必須為：名詞、代詞、ing 或wh型的連接詞引導(dǎo)的從句。改錯： I am fond of play basketball. Hes crazy about read story books. I am sorry for late.I felt terribly sad for absent from class.2：動詞及其短語在作句子的主語或賓語時，只能使用其to do 或 doing 的形式。其中不定式強(qiáng)調(diào)具體的某一次的動作，-ing 強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。改錯：I enjoy make friends with everyone.He wanted go home at once. 三.表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞之后。英語中常見的系動詞及其分類。狀態(tài)系動詞：用來表示主語狀態(tài)：即be 。常譯為是持續(xù)系動詞：用來表示主語的繼續(xù)或保持某種狀況或態(tài)度，主要包括remain、keep、stay、lie 、stand 、exist等。保持，依然是I hope you will keep fit. We can remain friends. Please stay seated變化系動詞：用來表示主語變成什么樣，主要包括：become 、grow 、turn 、get 、fall 、 go 、come 、run 等。常譯為變得He went mad. His hair turned grey. I fell ill.結(jié)果系動詞：表示主語對應(yīng)的結(jié)果，主要有：prove to be ,turn out to be。常譯為結(jié)果是感官系動詞：主要有feel 、smell 、sound 、 taste ， seem 、 appear 、look。Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.Now I feel tired.請找出下列句子的表語并指出什么可以充當(dāng)表語。He is a teacher. Seventy-four! You dont look it. Five and five is ten.He is asleep. His father is in. The picture is on the wall. My watch is gone / missing / lost. To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. The question is whether they will come. 常見錯誤分析：1：動詞及其短語在作句子的表語時，需用其非謂語形式，其中 to do 表將來的主動性動作，doing 表正在進(jìn)行的主動性動作，有時也用作形容詞表示主語所具有的特征；done 表示被動的已完成的動作。選擇： My hobby is basketball.A: play B: playing C: to play D: played The dog was so in that toy.A: interesting B: interested C: to interest D: interest My plan is home immediately. A: go B: to go C: gone D: going.Kitty was at everything he saw.A: surprising B: surprise C: surprised D: to surprise I was at my grades.A: disappointed B: disappoint C: disappointing D: to disappoint 2：名詞、代詞做表語時，其數(shù)必須和主語保持一致。改錯：We are student.These are panda.Its birds.3：表語常用形容詞，而不用其副詞形式。改錯：（1）He is sadly.（2）He is friendly to everyone. （3）The food smells bad but it tastes well.(4)One year later, he turned a writer. (a)(5)As time went on, his idea was proved right.四謂語（predicate）: 說明主語的動作、狀態(tài)和特征。1：實(shí)義動詞及其短語作謂語A stitch in time saves nine.2：情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形作謂語The law can not make all men equal ,but they are equal before the law.3：助動詞+實(shí)義動詞或系動詞（多為動詞原形）作謂語Youd better go now ,or youll be late for the interview.4：系動詞+表語作謂語常見錯誤分析：1：系動詞+表語（名、代、介、形、副、非謂語）才能構(gòu)成完整的謂語。注意謂語一定要有動詞的參予來完成。改錯。He at home now.I against / for the plan.I in favor of this idea.The light on / off then.He dead now.I fond of pandas.He always interested in English.The book worth reading.I eager to get your help.The girl dressed in white then. My plan to do some shopping today. I into playing table tennis. My aim to teach you well. Tom devoted to his job then.2： 情態(tài)動詞和助動詞雖有實(shí)義，但不能單獨(dú)做謂語，必須和實(shí)義動詞或系表結(jié)構(gòu)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，尤其表語是形容詞、副詞、介詞、時出現(xiàn)錯誤最多，處理方式是在表語前添加合適的系動詞，多為be的合適形式。改錯：You cant late again.He may at home.He must away now.Tom may dead now.John must from the USA.In my opinion ,he will well soon.He didnt against the plan.Mao has dead for 32 years.They didnt through the forest.五補(bǔ)足語：用于補(bǔ)充說明其他的句子成分。有主補(bǔ)、和賓補(bǔ)兩種，用于補(bǔ)充說明主、賓所處的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征等。賓補(bǔ)：對賓語的補(bǔ)充，全稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語。請找出下列句子的賓補(bǔ)并指出什么可以充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)。1. He found his new job boring. 2. The called their daughter Mary. 3. This placed her in a very difficult position. 4. We went to here house but found her out. 5. What do you advise me to do？6. We thought him to be an honest man. 7. He believed them to have discussed the problem.8. He believed her to be telling the truth. 9. Did you notice him come in？10. I saw her chatting with Nancy. 11. He watched the piano carried upstairs. 注意1：在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，可以出現(xiàn)用it作形式上的賓語，把真正的賓語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面。在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語常常是動詞不定式或賓語從句。 He felt it his duty to mention this to her. 分析：it是形式賓語，his duty是賓語補(bǔ)足語，to mention this to her是真正的賓語。I think it best that you should stay with us. 分析：it是形式賓語，best是賓語補(bǔ)足語，that you should stay with us是真正的賓語。主補(bǔ)：對主語的補(bǔ)充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.to do , doing , -ed 作補(bǔ)語的區(qū)別。注意2：-ing 作賓補(bǔ)表示正在進(jìn)行的動作，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的一部分；若賓語是動作的發(fā)出者，用其主動式，若賓語是動作的承受者用其被動式。to do 作賓補(bǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的全過程，若賓語是動作的承受者，用其被動式；若賓語是動作的發(fā)出者，用其主動式。ed 作賓補(bǔ)表示已完成的動作，賓語是動作的承受者。選擇：(1)He raised his voice to make himself.A ：hear B : heard C : hearing D: to hear (2)I couldnt do my homework with all that noise on.A : go B going C gone D to go (3)I saw him nothing at the meeting from beginning to end.A say B said C saying D to say (4)The thief came in , with his hands.A tying B tied C tie D to tie 注意3：有些動詞后跟不定式時需省去符號 to ： watch , observe , see , look , look at , notice ; hear ,listen to , make , have , let , feel ,help 可帶可不帶。六定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。請找出下列句子的定語并指出什么可以充當(dāng)定語。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher. He is our friend. We belong to the third world. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.The man over there is my old friend. The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. The boys playing football are in Class 2. The trees planted last year are growing well now. I have an idea to do it well. You should do everything that I do. 注意1：名詞作定語時，須用其單數(shù)形式，不可用其所有格或復(fù)數(shù)形式。在變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時，只變被修飾的名詞，man 或woman 作定語時，則兩者都變。a shoe shop mens teachers 注意2：在表示只有一人擔(dān)任的頭銜、職務(wù)的名詞在作句子的表語、同位語、補(bǔ)足語、介詞賓語時，不加冠詞：常見的名詞有： president , captain , monitor , headmaster , head-teacher , head , manager 等We elected Hu president of China.常見錯誤分析：1：單個形容詞作定語修飾不定代詞時，需要后置2：表語形容詞作定語時常后置如：awake 、afraid 、 asleep、 ashamed 、alike 等。He was the only person awake at that time.3：當(dāng)else 作形容詞修飾不定代詞或疑問代詞如：who 、what 、which等時要后置I have something else to say.4：表示長、寬、 高、深等度量的形容詞作定語時常后置。This is a room five meters wide.5：有些形容詞如present 、adopted 、concerned 、 absent 、opposite等既可前置也可后置，但意義不同：present adj: 前置：目前的 現(xiàn)在的 后置：出席的What do you think of the present government ?The people present are mostly famous scientists.adopted adj : 前置： 收養(yǎng)的.后置： 采用的He is an adopted son.Whats your solution adopted ?concerned adj: 前置 ：擔(dān)心的 關(guān)心的。后置 ：有關(guān)的There is a concerned expression on her face.T he persons concerned are to be punishedabsent adj : 前置： 心不在焉的。后置： 缺席的Jack sat at the desk in an absent way.The workers absent must make up for the meeting.opposite adj : 前置 ：相反的。后置 ：對面的The bird flew away in the opposite direction.he shop opposite sells apples.overseas 既是adj 又是 adv 作定語時意義不同Overseas students =students from overseas 外國留學(xué)生Students overseas =students who are overseas 出國留學(xué)生responsible前置意為“負(fù)責(zé)任的”，后置意為負(fù)責(zé)的，掌管的“。a responsible man 意為“一位負(fù)責(zé)任的人”，a man responsible則意為“一位負(fù)責(zé)人”involved前置意為“復(fù)雜的”，后置意為“涉及的，相關(guān)的”the people involved 意為“所涉及的人” ，the involved story意為“復(fù)雜的經(jīng)歷”七狀語：用來修飾v., adj., adv., or 句子。狀語用副詞,不用形容詞請找出下列句子的狀語并指出是什么狀語。I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. 常見錯誤分析：1：副詞作狀語時，用以修飾動詞、形容詞、或句子；形容詞作補(bǔ)足語時用來補(bǔ)充說明主、賓所的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征。選擇：He found the question difficult / difficultly I think it impossible / impossibly for us to defeat them physically.He worked hard / hardly to realize his dream.All made it easy /easily for us to enter a key university.Dressed in nothing ,the emperor walked in the street proud / proudly.The question is great /greatly different from that one.This room is the same size /big as that one.2：分詞及不定式作狀語時，須賀邏輯主語保持一致，邏輯主語多為句子的主語。In order to make our city green .A: its necessary to have planted more trees.B: many more trees need to be planted.C: our city needs more trees D: we must plant more trees. time ,hell become a writer.A: Given B : Giving C: To give D: Having given While watching TV , A: the doorbell rang B: the doorbell rings C: we heard the doorbell ring D: we heard the doorbell rings as a means of traffic in china ,the bike is very useful.A: used B: using C: To use D: use 八、同位語：指兩個或兩個以上的詞語指同一個事物作同一個句子成分。請找出下列句子的同位語并指出什么可以充當(dāng)同位語。Its my friend ,John.Myra herself had got a medal for her work for the agedHis old dream of going round the world came back， but this time he would sail The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true九、插入語： 是對一句話，某一個詞或詞組做些附加的解釋或說明有時表達(dá)說話者的態(tài)度和看法；有時起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用；有時是為了引起對方的注意；還可以起轉(zhuǎn)移話題或說明事由的作用；也可以承上啟下，使句子銜接得更緊密一些，通常用逗號與其它成分隔開，且和其他句子成分沒有語法上的聯(lián)系，將它刪掉后，句子結(jié)構(gòu)依然完整。請找出下列句子的插入語并指出什么可以充當(dāng)插入語。To tell you the truth ,Im not interested in that matter. Judging from his clothes ,he may be an artist. By the way ,how can I get to the rail station ？Do not plant ,for example ,rice year after year in the same field.This is , surely , a very good book. Most important of all ,we must learn the skills. He cant pass the exam ,because he doesnt study hard. whats more ,he isnt so clever. 簡單句的五個基本句型：一主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（ 主語 不及物動詞 ）在這一句型中，動詞為不及物動詞及不及物的動詞詞組。在有的句子中，不及物動詞可以有狀語修飾。 1.The sun is rising. 2.Ill try.注意：在此句型中，有少數(shù)不及物動詞表達(dá)被動含義，表達(dá)主語本身所具有的特性，不用被動語態(tài)。1.The book sells well.2.The window wont shut.3.The pen writes smoothly.4.Cheese cuts easily.翻譯：1.會議將持續(xù)兩個小時。 2.她昨天回家很晚。 3.那天早上我們談了很多。 4.在過去的十年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 5 .1919年，在北京爆發(fā)了“五.四”運(yùn)動。 6.這個盒子重五公斤。 二主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)（主語 及物動詞 賓語 ） (1)不及物動詞不能直接加賓語。如agree, lie, work, argue, belong, come, go, reply等。(2) 不及物動詞加一個介詞后構(gòu)成動詞短語可以加賓語。如agree with, lie in, work at, belong to, come across, go to等。(3) 有些動詞既是及物動詞又是不及物動詞。如begin, sell, write, wash, answer, read等。例如：The meeting begins at half past nine. (不及物動詞) The professor began his speech directly. (及物動詞)The books of this kind sell well and he will sell them. (第一個sell為不及物動詞，而第二個是及物動詞)。1那位先生能流利地說三種語言。2今天下午我想同你談?wù)劇?3這本書他讀過多次了。4他們成功地完成了計(jì)劃。 5你們必須在兩周內(nèi)看完這些書。 6 Jim 還不會自己穿衣服。 7我們大家都相信Jack 是一個誠實(shí)男孩。 8他不知道說什麼好。三。主系表結(jié)構(gòu)（主語 系動詞表語 ）使用系動詞應(yīng)注意的地方：第一，沒有被動語態(tài)；第二，一般沒有進(jìn)行時(除了feel以外)；第三，有些動詞既是系動詞又是普通動詞。 如： keep, grow, taste, feel, get, smell等。例如：After two-days treatment, he felt well again. (不用was felt)The pet dog keeps clean. It is kept by Johnson.(keeps是系動詞，而kept是及物動詞)We grew some trees around our school and they grow green now. (grew是及物動詞，而grow是系動詞)Just now I felt the table and it felt smooth. (第一個felt是及物動詞，而第二個是系動詞)練習(xí) 選擇一個合適的詞或根據(jù)漢語提示填空，注意動詞的適當(dāng)形式。(1) I _(remain / keep / stay) a nurse while he has _(turn / become) engineer.(2) Put the meat in the refrigerator (冰箱). It _ (go / get / turn / become) bad easily.(3) What he said _(sound / look / smell / taste) reasonable.(4) He feels _(comfortable / comfortably) working in the air-conditioned office.(5) We do morning exercises to _(keep / turn / become) healthy.(6) The apple _(tastes / is tasted) sweet. (7) Please keep _(安靜); The baby has fallen _(睡著).(8) They work day and night to make their dream come _(實(shí)現(xiàn)).1.Iron feels cold in winter.2. This idea sounds good.3. He looks young. 4.The weather remains cool these days.5.The flowers in front of the house smell nice.翻譯：1.這個報(bào)告聽起來很有意思。2.樹葉已經(jīng)變黃.3布朗夫人看起來很健康。 4十五歲他就成為有名的鋼琴家了。 5孩子們，請保持安靜。 6.她的工作是在幼兒園里照看兒童。 四雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)（主語雙賓動詞間接賓語直接賓語 ）主語-動詞-間接賓語（人）-直接賓語（物）He handed me a letter.She sang us a folk song.如果直接賓語放在及物動詞之后、間接賓語之前，那么兩個賓語之間應(yīng)有一個介詞(to, for等)。He handed a letter to me.She sang a folk for us.直接賓語可以由賓語從句充當(dāng)。Tell him Im out.Can you inform me where Miss Green lives？翻譯：1.我替你叫輛出租汽車好嗎？2. 奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個有趣的故事。3. 請你給我弄一本新的，好嗎？4. 請把那本字典遞給我好嗎？5