四六級寫作講義1.doc

寫作部分：戰(zhàn)略與戰(zhàn)術(shù)寫作考試就好像一次“博弈”。在寫作考試中，考生是真正擁有最多信息的人，考官僅僅只能被動地接受你所給的信息。所以，作文中遣詞造句時請切記兩點：一、“不會說的”處理；二、經(jīng)典句的應(yīng)用得分技巧分析四、六級作文在準(zhǔn)備和對策上基本一致，因為兩者評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基本一致(除了字?jǐn)?shù)上的差距：四級120詞、六級150詞)。英語考試的作文大多可分為：1、正反論證；2、原因現(xiàn)象描述類；3、圖表；4、名言諺語。所謂的書信作文，無非就是在這四類的基礎(chǔ)上，套用信件的格式而已。 作文得分技巧總結(jié)：1. 卷面整潔，書寫清楚2. 構(gòu)思簡單，少犯錯誤3. 中心突出，層次分明4. 固定經(jīng)典，名言注目5. 重在變化，寧簡勿濫下面就對以上5點在應(yīng)試作文中的應(yīng)用展開具體說明：1.卷面整潔，書寫清楚。 由于寫作屬于主觀題型，故考官將依據(jù)主觀印象進(jìn)行評判。卷面的好壞將在第一時間沖擊考官對你作文的印象。所以，建議各位考生先想清楚后動筆，減少涂改幾率，讓考官能清楚無誤地看清你答卷的內(nèi)容。另外，新的四、六級考試中會有部分考區(qū)的試卷被掃描至電腦，這些考區(qū)的考官將會在電腦前批閱作文，因此考生們最好使用黑色水筆做答，以保證掃描效果。寫作的格式有兩種：縮進(jìn)式(indented form)?？s進(jìn)式要求每段首行縮進(jìn)45個字母。2.構(gòu)思簡單，少犯錯誤。 請大家一定記住，作文只在考核他們的語言表達(dá)能力。避免犯錯誤。（思維。標(biāo)點，時態(tài)一致，單復(fù)數(shù)，結(jié)構(gòu)。寫完后的檢查） 3.中心突出，層次分明。 從近幾年的四級考試作文看來，盡管實用性提高了，但行文大多可以套用“中心句1、2、3”模式。即每段第一句是topic sentence，改編自該段相對應(yīng)的提綱，后面的1、2、3是銜接詞，每個1、2、3后接分支觀點。這種表達(dá)，中心突出，層次分明，同時也節(jié)省了考生構(gòu)思結(jié)構(gòu)的麻煩。銜接詞是文章邏輯關(guān)系的體現(xiàn)，所以不妨盡可能多的使用。比如，“起”的過渡詞：nowadays, at present, first of all, firstly；“承”的過渡詞：second, besides, moreover, furthermore, obviously, in addition, in other words；“轉(zhuǎn)”的過渡詞：however, on the other hand, but, instead, conversely；“合”的過渡詞：therefore, so, as a result, in short, in brief, in a word, in conclusion。以下為2006年6月新四級作文題及其范文。劃線部分與斜體部分則體現(xiàn)了第三點所講的全部內(nèi)容。提綱如下：1、有些大學(xué)允許學(xué)生自由選擇某些課程的任課老師2、學(xué)生選擇老師時所考慮的主要因素是3、學(xué)生自選任課老師的益處及可能產(chǎn)生的問題Nowadays, there is a general discussion today about the issue of some changes on campus. Particularly, students in universities have optional choices on their teachers. A number of factors are responsible for decisions in choosing teachers. For one thing, the character of a lecturer plays a significant role in this issue, which means the teacher should meet the learners taste. For another thing, opinions from other students are likely to bring effects on the decision. In other words, we are possibly influenced by negative or positive words from others.Obviously, there is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of this matter. On the one hand, students are treated better than before. On the other hand, some top teachers will be ignored, if they are not able to please the market. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that further attention will be paid to this matter. 4.固定經(jīng)典，名言注目。經(jīng)典句和名言往往都比較容易引人注目，如果能在文中使用，也比較容易讓改卷人為之一振。為了獲得經(jīng)典的使用效果，建議考生們在平時的寫作練習(xí)中注意積累，并且每個話題背下幾句。質(zhì)量良好的句子一般應(yīng)該用在文章的開頭結(jié)尾，或每段的開頭，這樣才能讓別人清楚明白地看到。比如，用于文章開頭的句子：When it comes to , peoples opinions differ.There is a public discussion today about There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of用于文章結(jié)尾的句子：It is high time that we took measures to Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely come to the conclusion that All the evidence points to the fact that It is essential that effective measures should be taken to control this situation. 用于闡釋原因的句子：Some reasons are responsible for this.There are lots of reasons for the dramatic growth/decrease. First, Second, Finally, The phenomenon/change in mainly results from the fact that One may regard the phenomenon as a sign of 5.重在變化，寧簡勿濫。 作文考試評卷中，大多采用加分原則?！半y詞長句”不是加分的必然。關(guān)鍵在于變化，變化不分難易，只要有變化就行。變化分為，詞的變化和句的變化。在用詞上，同一文章中相同意義的詞要爭取不斷地用近義詞替換，以顯文章用詞靈活。（變換詞和短語）在用句上，不一定要用大的從句，主要避免相鄰句子句式太多的一致。（變句模式）備考忌諱忌諱只看不練。只看題目或只構(gòu)思，而不動手練習(xí)。四、六級考試的作文部分是考查學(xué)生對英語的主動應(yīng)用能力，所以考生至少在考前一個月應(yīng)該動手練習(xí)，主要以歷年真題的寫作題目為復(fù)習(xí)資料，寫完之后自己再對照范文進(jìn)行修改，記下范文中的經(jīng)典句子及銜接詞，以備考場上使用。作文題目 To Clone or Not to Clone1. 一些人贊成克隆2. 另一些人反對克隆3. 我的觀點Writings from Ss：Writing One With the development of the society, the technology of cloning matures day by day. But there is an argument on whether it should clone. Some think clone is of great value. For one thing, clone can help couples to have babies they cannot have otherwise. For another, it enables endangered species to increase their population. Whats more, clone can find cures to fatal injuries and diseases. In addition, clone may massively improve the agricultural industry.However, others hold the idea that cloning should be forbidden. Firstly, they think cloning is against nature. Secondly, the technology of cloning may be abused. Then it may lead to unforeseen disasters, even cause ethical problems.In my opinion, cloning is far more developed. We must use it properly. The scientists should use it to explore new areas to make mans life better. Only when the preparation is detailed enough can we clone a real man as it may bring unexpected and troublesome issues. (Pans)Writing TwoRecent decades have witnessed the rapid development of cloning, ranging from cloning animals to cloning human beings. As a result, more attention is paid to whether we should accept it or not. Its no wonder that some people maintain that cloning technology is beneficial to us. To start with, infertile couples are more likely to have their own babies who they desperately want. Whats more, when youre engaged in jobs or assignments, the clone of yours will cooperate with you to finish them as soon as possible. Last but not the least, its widely accepted that great men can contribute to social progress. If they can be cloned, theyre able to make our earth more beautiful. However, the disadvantages coming with cloning cant be ignored. With the number of cloning increasing, the competition will become fiercer on job hunting. Whats worse, some people find it difficult to make a living, so they decide to give up on themselves.As far as Im concerned, regardless of what people say, there is no denying that cloning is a breakthrough in human history. As long as we make sensible use of it, cloning will be accepted by more and more people sooner or later. (Zhaos)句式變換、經(jīng)典句型。列舉缺點可再斟酌，不同方面考慮更好。兩種寫作結(jié)構(gòu)，但盡量能用第一種，按照提綱寫。Writing ThreeEver since Dolly the sheep, the first mammal cloned about cells, was born in 1997, the issue of clone has been arousing enormous controversy among the public. Science is constantly producing spectacular feats, but scientific breakthroughs fail to serve the interests of all human beings. Whether to clone or not has become a dilemma even for scientists themselves.Enthusiasts welcome clone as an unprecedented technology that contributes to the well-being of mankind and even the world. It offers possibilities of breeding excellent varieties of plants and animals by adopting high-grade genes. The clone of human embryos helps fight against various diseases.As every coin has two sides, I maintain that clone is just a technological advance, controlled and shared by human beings. What matters the most is not clone itself, a tool in some sense, but how its masters, we human beings, apply it. (Yang Di)正反論證類作文B 特點：給出兩個觀點B 段落安排：第一段：1) 引出將要評論的事物或者觀點；2) 提出第一種觀點；3) 本觀點支持性分論點。第二段：1) 承上啟下；2) 提出第二種觀點；3) 本觀點支持性分論點。第三段：我的觀點B 正文：第一段：1) 引言：i. In recent years, with fast economic growth, have appeared in many families in China.近年來，伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，在中國很多的家庭中出現(xiàn)了。人們對有著不同的觀點。ii. With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families begin to afford a .Yet,伴隨著人們生活水平的提高，一些中國家庭開始能夠買。但是，人們對的觀點是不同的。iii.iv. Ever since early this century,has become an essential（本質(zhì)的） part of our modern life.is the driving force behind the swift（迅速的） progress of industry, agriculture, science and technology. Nobody can deny that the development of our civilization depends on.自從本世紀(jì)初葉，已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代生活的一個重要部分。是工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)和科技飛速發(fā)展的動力。沒有人能夠否認(rèn)人類文明的發(fā)展依賴于。v. The issue of has been widely argued/debated（爭論） currently.關(guān)于是否的問題，如今公眾已經(jīng)展開了廣泛的討論。vi. has become a hot/popular topic among people recently. Opinions vary from person to person.已經(jīng)成為人們談?wù)摰臒衢T話題，不同的人對此有不同的看法。vii. There is a public/general/much debate/discussion/controversy（論戰(zhàn)） today/nowadays about/on/upon/over/as to the problem/issue of.關(guān)于的問題，公眾已經(jīng)展開了討論。viii. There is an argument/much disagreement/no consensus of opinions among people concerning/over/as to/on.關(guān)于，人們的看法不盡相同。2) There is no consensus of opinion among people as to the view of i. Some people believe/argue/say/maintain/advocate（提倡）/advise/hold/claim/think that.一些人認(rèn)為ii. It is widely/generally/commonly/universally thought/believed/accepted/held that. To the general/public/poplar mind, .人們通常認(rèn)為iii. Those who criticize/oppose /object toargue that.那些反對的人認(rèn)為。分論點i. There are several advantages in/of.The fist/biggest one is that.有很多的優(yōu)點。其中第一個/最大的好處是。ii. has appositive impact/influence/effect on peoples lives.對人類的生活起到了積極的影響。iii. Most people would agree that there can be no substitute for. They say that.Besides, they assert, 大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為是不可替代的。他們認(rèn)為。另外他們還認(rèn)為。iv. Another attraction about is that另外關(guān)于的另一個優(yōu)點是。v. Moreover, one of the advantages of is that另外，的另一個優(yōu)點是。vi. The most important advantage of is that最重要的優(yōu)點是。vii. We must not lose sight of the fact that there are advantages to . More importantly, there can be no substitute for .我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)不注意到有這樣的優(yōu)點。更重要的是，是不可替代的。viii. For one thing for another thingWhat we can take it for granted that第二段：1) 承上啟下i. 即使有其優(yōu)點，但是它們?nèi)匀挥凶陨淼娜毕荨i. However, like anything else, they also have their own weakness/limits/negative effects.和其它事物一樣，它們也有著自身的缺點。iii. However, they are not without shortcomings/faults.但是它們并不是沒有缺點的。iv. Of course, the disadvantages can not be ignored.當(dāng)然，缺點也是不能忽視的。v. However, just as every thing has two sides, also has many drawbacks.但是正如每個事物都有兩面性一樣，也有很多缺點。vi. Yet others speak of the problems of have brought. They complain that.但是還有人在談?wù)撍鶐淼膯栴}。他們抱怨。vii. However, may also bring with it problems our society had not previously faced.但是，也有一些我門未曾遇到的問題。viii. Despite the increase in efficiency and convenience generated by ,the changes they bring could very well lead to potentially adverse consequences.拋卻所產(chǎn)生的效率和方便，它們所引發(fā)的變化也許會導(dǎo)致潛在的不良后果。ix. This may be so, but it must be pointed out that also that has its drawbacks.這也許是這樣（有好處），自身的缺陷也應(yīng)當(dāng)被指出。x. However, may also cause/bring about/lead to/result in/contribute to some problems.但是，依然會帶來一些問題。2) 第二種觀點i. （However a coin has two side）On the contrary , some others think/believe/argue/emphasis/claim/maintainbecause,besidesii. However, the negative aspects are also apparent/obvious/evident. To begin with, .To make matters worse, .Worst of all, .然而，不足之處也是顯而易見的。首先，。更糟糕的是，。最后。iii. The side effects has exerted on human beings can be boiled down to several major ones as follows. First, .Second, .In addition, .對人類所產(chǎn)生的副作用歸納起來有以下幾個方面。其一，。其二，。此外，第三段：1) As far as I am concerned，the former point of view coincides with mine. From what has been discussed above, we may easily draw the conclusion that2) Unquestionably, the challenge of means we all should consider how we can control them, so that they well not control us.毫無疑問，的挑戰(zhàn)意味著我們應(yīng)該思考怎樣控制它們而不是被它們控制。3) Whether the are a blessing or a curse is a difficult question to answer, yet the desire for the comfort and independence can bring will not be eliminated.究竟是一個祝福還是詛咒是一個很難回答的問題，但是它所產(chǎn)生的舒適和對立是不會被忽視的。4) Anyway/Anyhow/In any case, whether the effect is good or bad, one thing is certain: it has changed and will continue to change the way of our entertainment, our leisure and our life.總之，不管是好還是壞，可以確定的是：它已經(jīng)并且還將改變我們的娛樂、讀家和生活方式。5) Given the choice between these two methods of , I prefer . This is because I am the sort of person who finds it difficult to concentrate on .在兩者之間做一個選擇，我會選。這是因為我是這樣的一種人，我發(fā)現(xiàn)要專注于是很困難的。6) , I feel, is the only one in which most people feel comfortable applying all their energies to the all-important task of .我認(rèn)為是唯一的（一種方式），從而人們在把精力投入到很重要的事情上的時候會覺得很舒適。7) There is no doubt in my mind that A nowadays is a far better way to than B.毫無疑問，我認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在對于做A是比B更好的方式。8) In my opinion, the advances made in recently have made obsolete.我認(rèn)為，最近方面的進(jìn)步使得過時了。9) Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach/draw/come to conclusion that.考慮到所有這些因素， 我們得出結(jié)論。10) Al reliable evidences point to one saying/reflect one fact, that is .將所有可靠的因素歸結(jié)為一點就是。11) For the reasons presented/stated above, I strongly commit to the notion that .從上面提到的原因，我強(qiáng)烈地支持這樣的概念是。12) While it is true that the argument I disagree hold a little bit of water, I think that .有一個事實是，雖然我不支持的論點也有一些優(yōu)點，但是我還是認(rèn)為。13) Therefore/So/Hence/Thus, it is safe to draw the conclusion that.于是我們得出結(jié)論。14) To put all into a nutshell, I .綜上所述，我。15) In my opinion, it is wise to support the statement that it is better to .我認(rèn)為，最好同意的論點是明智的。16) From my point of view, it is wise to choose A rather than B.從我的觀點來看，選擇A而不是選擇B將更加明智。17) At the risk of addressing the issue too direct, the advantages of A outweigh that of B.請原諒我說得直接一些，A的優(yōu)點要大于B的優(yōu)點。18) There are different views as to/concerning this topic. In my part, I would like to vote for .關(guān)于這樣一個論題有各種各樣的觀點，就我個人而言，我傾向于同意。19) As far as I am concerned, I have a preference for A over B.就我個人的觀點來看，我選擇A而不是B。20) Both patterns of present advantages and disadvantages, however, .以上兩種情況都有優(yōu)缺點，然而。21) Certainly, I am aware of that both methods have shortcomings, nevertheless, from my point of view, I am for/vote for .確切地來說兩種情況都有一些缺陷，然而從我的觀點來看，我傾向于。22) The adva