談?wù)劮蛛x型定語(yǔ)從句.doc

談?wù)劮蛛x型定語(yǔ)從句 所謂語(yǔ)分離型定語(yǔ)從句，主要指的是定語(yǔ)從句與它所修飾的先行詞之間被其他詞隔開(kāi)的情形。分離型定語(yǔ)從句主要有以下兩種類型：1.先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句被狀語(yǔ)隔開(kāi)。如：He found the dictionary there he was looking for.他在那兒找到了他在找的詞典。I saw something in the paper which might interest you.我在報(bào)上看到一樣可能使你感興趣的東西。2.將定語(yǔ)從句置于句末。如：Something was going to happen that was to change the world.當(dāng)時(shí)有件事就要發(fā)生，這件事將改變世界的面貌。A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天要來(lái)一位新的老師教你們德語(yǔ)了。The day will come when we will all have robots.人人都有機(jī)器人的時(shí)代，總有一天會(huì)來(lái)臨的。注意，分離定語(yǔ)從句的使用主要是出于平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)或強(qiáng)調(diào)的原因，并且使用這類結(jié)構(gòu)必須以句子不至于產(chǎn)生歧義為前提，否則就不要使用這類句子。如：He hid the gun in the cellar which his wife found.這個(gè)句子是有岐義的：如果認(rèn)為定語(yǔ)從句which his wife found是修飾the cellar，則句子意思為：他把槍藏在他妻子發(fā)現(xiàn)的地下室里。如果認(rèn)為定語(yǔ)從句which his wife found是修飾the gun（屬分離修飾），則句子意思為：他把妻子發(fā)現(xiàn)的槍藏在地下室里。1.基本區(qū)別根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，可將定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，限制性定語(yǔ)從句是整個(gè)句子不可缺少的部分，如果省略會(huì)影響全句的主要思想，這種定語(yǔ)從句前面一般不用逗號(hào)；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則只是主句的一種補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，即即使去掉，也不會(huì)影響全句的主要思想，這種定語(yǔ)從句前通常有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。如：This is the book that you want.這就是你要的那本書(shū)。句中的you want為限制性定語(yǔ)從句，如果去掉，意思就不清楚。He bought me a book, which was very useful.他給我買了一本書(shū)，非常有用。句中的which was very useful為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，如果去掉，句子意思仍是清楚的。2.關(guān)系詞的區(qū)別關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why通常只用于引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，不用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如：她收到了老板的邀請(qǐng)，這是她意想不到的。誤：She received an invitation from her boss, that came as a surprise.正：She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。誤：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.另外，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞which用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果不是緊跟在介詞之后，通?？梢允÷?；但在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，不管在什么情況下均不可省略關(guān)系代詞which。3.用法注意當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞已由其他詞語(yǔ)作了完整的表述，這個(gè)名詞后則不宜再用限制限制性從句，而應(yīng)改用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如：我去看買的房子有一個(gè)很漂亮的花園。誤：My house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.正：My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.若要用限制性定語(yǔ)從句，則應(yīng)將物主代詞my改為the，即說(shuō)成：The house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.關(guān)系詞、關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞 用于引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞語(yǔ)叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞根據(jù)其詞性的不同，可分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞既起連接先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句的作用，同時(shí)又在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。1.關(guān)系代詞：主要有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，它們?cè)诰渥又锌捎米髦髡Z(yǔ)（如that, which, who等）、賓語(yǔ)（如that, which, whom等）和定語(yǔ)（如which, whose）。如：Is he the man that sells dogs?他就是賣狗的人嗎?She is the girl who won the prize.她就是獲獎(jiǎng)的姑娘。Ive found the book which I was looking for.我找到了我要找的書(shū)。She is the woman whose car was stolen.她就是汽車被盜的那個(gè)女人。She is the woman whom I gave the money to.她就是我給她錢(qián)的那位婦女。He is absorbed in work, as he often was.他正在全神貫注地工作，他過(guò)去經(jīng)常這樣。2.關(guān)系副詞：主要有where, when, why等，它們?cè)诰渥又兄饕米鳡钫Z(yǔ)。如：This is the town where I was born.這就是我出生的城市。Ill never forget the day when I first met you.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記第一次見(jiàn)你的那天。We dont know the reason why he didnt show up.我們不知道他為什么沒(méi)有來(lái)。 關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose用法說(shuō)明 關(guān)系代詞who, whom)的用法who和whom均只用于指人，不用于指事或物，其中who在定語(yǔ)從句中用作主語(yǔ)，whom在定語(yǔ)從句中用作賓語(yǔ)。如：I met a girl who knew your sister.我碰到一個(gè)認(rèn)識(shí)你姐姐的姑娘。In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry.在柏林，他第一次遇見(jiàn)那個(gè)女人，后來(lái)他終于跟她結(jié)了婚。She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before.她把我介紹給她丈夫，我以前沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)他。但是，用作賓語(yǔ)的whom如果不是緊跟在介詞之后，通常會(huì)被省略或用who, that代之。如：The person to whom I complained is the manager.我向他投訴的那個(gè)人是經(jīng)理。The person (who, whom, that) I complained to is the manager.我向他投訴的那個(gè)人是經(jīng)理。關(guān)系代詞whose的用法關(guān)系代詞whose既可用于指人，也可用于指事或物，它在定語(yǔ)從句中主要用作定語(yǔ)。如：She is the woman whose car was stolen.她就是汽車被盜的那個(gè)女人。This is the house whose windows were broken.這就是窗戶被打破了的房子。Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is trying to get a job.格雷太太的孩子們都在上大學(xué)，她想找一份工作。His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight.他的房子窗戶無(wú)一完好，一派令人心酸的景象。關(guān)系代詞which重要用法說(shuō)明 關(guān)系代詞which只用于指事或物，不用于指人，它在定語(yǔ)從句中主要用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。如：She was not on the train which arrived just now.她不在剛才到達(dá)的那列火車上。(關(guān)系代詞which指train，在從句中用作主語(yǔ))He never got back the money which he had lent him.他從未收回他曾借給他的那筆錢(qián)。(關(guān)系代詞which指money，在從句中用作賓語(yǔ))which用于引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句外，還可以引導(dǎo)非限制定語(yǔ)從句。如：The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side.船碰在一座冰山上，船幫被撞出一個(gè)大洞。She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself.她送給我這件羊毛衫，這是她親手織的。This machine, which I have looked after for twenty years, is still working perfectly.這臺(tái)機(jī)器我已經(jīng)照管了20年，現(xiàn)在仍然沒(méi)一點(diǎn)兒毛病。which有時(shí)也可用作定語(yǔ)，尤其用于“介詞+which+名詞”這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，此時(shí)的which含有this或that的意味。如：He may be busy, in which case Ill call later.他可能忙，如若如此，我以后再來(lái)拜訪。I may have to work late, in which case Ill telephone.我可能得晚點(diǎn)下班，那樣我會(huì)打電話的。He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home.他發(fā)脾氣了，這時(shí)我就決定回家了。He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life.他被任命為大法官，在這個(gè)職位上度過(guò)了他的后半生。The postman comes at 6.30 in the morning, at which time I am usually fast asleep.郵遞員早晨6點(diǎn)30分來(lái)，這個(gè)時(shí)候我通常還睡著大覺(jué)呢。It was derived from Posidonius, for which reason much of its information may well have been out of date.它源于鮑森杜尼爾斯。由于這個(gè)原因，它的大部分信息很可能已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)。有時(shí)其前也可以沒(méi)有介詞。如：He is studying economics, which knoweledge is very important today.他學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，這種知識(shí)現(xiàn)今很重要。He spoke in Greek, which language I could only follow with difficulty.他說(shuō)希臘語(yǔ)，我聽(tīng)起來(lái)很吃力。關(guān)系代詞that用法歸納 一、指人的用法that用于指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。如：A driver that has knocked someone down must stop.撞人的司機(jī)必須停車。(關(guān)系代詞that指driver，在從句中作主語(yǔ))He is the man that you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那個(gè)人。(關(guān)系代詞that指man，在從句中作賓語(yǔ))He is not that man that he was.他已不是過(guò)去的他了。(關(guān)系代詞that指man，在從句中作表語(yǔ))二、指物的用法that用于指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。如：This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon.這是下午要飛往東京的那架飛機(jī)。(關(guān)系代詞that指plane，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ))She was annoyed by something that I had said.她為我說(shuō)的某句話而不高興。(關(guān)系代詞that指something，在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ))Shengzhen is not the city that it used to be.深圳現(xiàn)在已不是原來(lái)的那個(gè)城市了。(關(guān)系代詞that指city，在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)) from which與from where的區(qū)別 有朋友問(wèn)到from which與from where有何區(qū)別（問(wèn)題見(jiàn)：/GuestBook/Guest_Reply.asp?TopicID=479），下面是我們的一位特約作者給出的部分回答，摘錄如下，供大家參考：關(guān)于from which的用法比較好理解，這里主要說(shuō)說(shuō)from where的用法。from where主要有以下兩個(gè)用法：用法一：用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，在意義上相當(dāng)于and from there（從那兒）。如：He hid himself in a tree, from where he could see the enemy in the distance.他躲在一棵樹(shù)上，從那兒他可以看到遠(yuǎn)處的敵人。We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession.我們爬上屋頂，從那兒可以很好地觀看游行。用法二：可視為where前省略了the place，即這樣用的from where相當(dāng)于from the place where，意思是“從的地方”“離的地方”。如：From where I stood I could see everything clearly.從我站的地方我一切都看得清清楚楚。The car stopped short only a few inches from where I stood.汽車在離我站的地方僅幾英寸處突然停住。The school was only a few blocks from where she lived.學(xué)校離她的住所只有幾個(gè)街區(qū)的距離。若遇到前面是地點(diǎn)名詞的先行詞，如何判斷用where還是from where還是from which?請(qǐng)看下面一個(gè)句子：I have bought that house, _I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge .我們認(rèn)為這道題填where和from where語(yǔ)法上都可以（但不宜填from which），但兩者在意義上稍有區(qū)別：I have bought that house, where I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge.我買下了那棟房子，在房子那可以欣賞到楊浦大橋的美景。I have bought that house, from where I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge.我買下了那棟房子，從房子那可以欣賞到楊浦大橋的美景。在許多情況下，用不用from不會(huì)導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，但會(huì)導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)義變化（通常情況下是，如果沒(méi)有from，意思會(huì)不夠明確和清楚）。比較：He hid himself under the bed, from where he could hear what they were talking.他躲在床下面，他可以從床下聽(tīng)到他們談話。（句中的from where可理解為from under the bed，意思是“從床下面”）He hid himself under the bed, where he could hear what they were talking.他躲在床下面，在床那兒他聽(tīng)到他們談話。（句中的 where可指為“在床邊”“在床上”“在床下”等，意思不夠明確） 如何使用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的使用，重點(diǎn)是要弄清其中的介詞如何確定和判斷。歸納起來(lái)，有以下幾點(diǎn)方法：1.根據(jù)與定語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞的搭配來(lái)確定介詞。如：Water is the natural medium in which fish live.水是魚(yú)類賴以生存的自然環(huán)境。(注意搭配live in)The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.他們找尋的文件已經(jīng)找到了。(注意搭配search for)This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.這是一個(gè)我們可能長(zhǎng)時(shí)間爭(zhēng)論的問(wèn)題。(注意搭配argue about)注意，對(duì)于那些由動(dòng)詞與介詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，通常不宜將它們拆開(kāi)使用，此時(shí)應(yīng)注意介詞的位置應(yīng)。如：The boy (whom) my sister is looking after is getting better.不能說(shuō)成：The boy after whom my sister is looking is getting better.2.根據(jù)與定語(yǔ)從句中形容詞的搭配來(lái)確定介詞。如：Physics is the subject in our school in which every student is interested.歷史是我們學(xué)校每個(gè)學(xué)生都很感興趣的課程。(注意搭配be interested in)He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar.他我要去參考一些我不熟悉的參考書(shū)。(注意搭配be familiar with)3.根據(jù)與先行詞的搭配來(lái)確定介詞。如：This is our classroom, in the front of which there is a teachers desk.這是我們的教室，前面有老師的講臺(tái)。(注意搭配in the front of our classroom)Ill never forget the day on which she said goodbye to me.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記她與我們告別的那一天。(注意搭配on the day)4.根據(jù)句意來(lái)確定介詞的使用。如：This is the book from which I got the story.這就是那本書(shū)，從中我讀到這個(gè)故事。(由于句意含有“從”的意思，所以用介詞from)This I did at nine oclock, after which I sat reading the paper.九點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)我做這事，之后我坐著看報(bào)。(由于句意含有“在之后”的意思，所以用介詞after)關(guān)系代詞as用法說(shuō)明一、引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句用在 such, same, as等之后，引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如：I live in the same place as Tom does.我和湯姆住在同處。Hes not such a fool as he looks.他并不像看上去的那樣愚蠢。He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford.他抽一種他買得起的最貴的煙。二、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句(2)單獨(dú)用作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可放在主句之前、之后或中間，且主從句之間一般要用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。如：As was expected, he succeeded at last.正如我們所料，他終于成功了。I had coffee after dinner, as is my usual practice.我飯后喝咖啡，這是我的習(xí)慣。Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.弗雷迪在參加會(huì)議，這是可以預(yù)料到的。三、as與which的用法區(qū)別 引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：as用作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它通常只用于 such, same, as等之后，而which用作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，則用于除 such, same, as之外的其他結(jié)構(gòu)。 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，通常只能位于主句后，而as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位于主句之前、之后或中間。根據(jù)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)來(lái)看，as在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)通常要有be或別的系動(dòng)詞，但which不受此限制。如：Li Ming was late, which (=and this) made Mr. Zhang very angry.李明遲到了，這件事使張先生非常生氣。（不可用as)根據(jù)句意的邏輯性來(lái)看，as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只表示一個(gè)眾所周知或意料之中的事，但which不受此限制。如：He married her, as which was natural.他和她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的。He married her, which was unexpected.他和她結(jié)婚了，這是出乎意料的。（不可用as）關(guān)系代詞whose用法說(shuō)明 whose用作疑問(wèn)代詞或連接代詞時(shí)，用法比較單一，均表示“誰(shuí)的”，一般不會(huì)出錯(cuò)，這里主要說(shuō)說(shuō)它用作關(guān)系代詞的用法。1. whose用作關(guān)系代詞時(shí)，它并不表示“誰(shuí)的”，而是表示“的”，在具體語(yǔ)境需要靈活處理。如：He is the man whose car was stolen.他就是汽車被竊的人。The boys whose names were called stood up.叫到名字的男孩們站了起來(lái)。You are the only one whose advice he might listen to.你是惟一可能使他聽(tīng)從勸告的人。2. 不要以為whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其先行詞一定是指人的名詞，其實(shí)也可以是指事物（包括動(dòng)物）的名詞。如：It was an island whose name I have forgotten.這是一座島，名字我忘了。Wolves are highly social animals whose success depends upon cooperation.狼是高度群體化的動(dòng)物，它們的成功依賴于合作。3. 不僅可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如：My bitch, whose temper is very uncertain, often bites the judges at dog shows.我的母狗脾氣不穩(wěn)定，常常在狗展上咬裁判。4. 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的“whose+名詞”，有時(shí)可換成其他結(jié)構(gòu)，注意詞序的變化。比較：破了窗戶的那座房子是空的。正：The house whose windows are broken is empty.正：The house the windows of which are broken is empty.正：The house of which the windows are broken is empty.正：The house with broken windows is empty.使用定語(yǔ)從句的幾個(gè)誤區(qū)（一） 有的英語(yǔ)初學(xué)者在使用定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，有時(shí)會(huì)在從句中誤加與關(guān)系代詞同義的人稱代詞，這是不對(duì)的。如：This is the book that I have read _ dozens of times. But I have never read _. A. it, B.，it C. it, it D.，此題應(yīng)選B。容易誤選C。本題第二句填代詞it,這容易理解。而第一句不能填 it,則是考生很容易忽視的。顯然第一句中的 that I have read dozens of times是修飾 the book的定語(yǔ)從句，此句中的動(dòng)詞read不能再接用 it作賓語(yǔ)，因?yàn)樗延匈e語(yǔ)that(也可省略)。在做有關(guān)定語(yǔ)從句的試題時(shí)，考生千萬(wàn)不要在定語(yǔ)從句中重復(fù)使用與關(guān)系詞(或先行詞)指代相同的人稱代詞。如：我們昨晚看的電影很精彩。誤：The film we saw it last night was wonderful. 正：The film we saw last night was wonderful. 剛才同你講話的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)? 誤：Whos the man you just talked to him? 正：Whos the man you just talked to? 你昨天借給我的書(shū)很有趣。誤：The book you lent it me yesterday was very interesting. 正：The book you lent me yesterday was very interesting. 他就是去年死了妻子的那個(gè)人。誤：He is the man whosehis wife died last year. 正：He is the man whose wife died last year.使用定語(yǔ)從句的幾個(gè)誤區(qū)（二） 初學(xué)者在使用定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，有個(gè)經(jīng)常犯的錯(cuò)誤就是分不清是定語(yǔ)從句還是其他從句。請(qǐng)看下面的題目：Is this room _ he lived in last year? Is this the room _ he lived in last year? A. that, that B. the one, the one C. that, the one D. the one, that此題應(yīng)選D。容易誤選A。為了便于分析，我們先將以上兩句還原成陳述句(注意is的位置)。如：(1)This room is _ he lived in last year. (2)This is the room _he lived in last year. 第(1)句填the one,用作表語(yǔ)，其后的 (that) he lived in last year是用以修飾the one的定語(yǔ)從句。此句若直接填that,則不是定語(yǔ)從句(因?yàn)闆](méi)有先行詞)，而是表語(yǔ)從句。但是由于引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that不能充當(dāng)句了成分，而其后的介詞in又缺賓語(yǔ)，所以導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。第(2)句填 that,它是關(guān)系代詞，用以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句(helived in last year)修飾the room。請(qǐng)做以下類例試題。如：(1)Is this the book _ you want to buy? Is this book _ you want to buy? A. that, that B. the one, the one C. that, the one D. the one, that(2)Is this room _ he lived in 5 years ago? Is this the room _ he lived in 5 years ago? A. that, that B. the one, the one C. that, the one D. the one, that答案：(1) C (2) D使用定語(yǔ)從句的幾個(gè)誤區(qū)（三） 有的同學(xué)一看到先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的名詞，就認(rèn)為一定要用關(guān)系副詞，其實(shí)也不一定。在此情況下，還要看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中是用作什么成分，若是用作狀語(yǔ)，則用關(guān)系副詞，若不是用作狀語(yǔ)(如用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等