初一上冊英語語法知識小結(jié).doc

初一上冊英語語法小結(jié)1.there be 句型 “有”指 “某地有某物”形式 ：there is, there arethere are 用來修飾可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式：there is not (there isnt) there are not (there arent)Is there.? Are there.?注意：這里涉及some any 的用法 some 用于肯定句中，any 用于否定句和疑問句中。但是在表示請求的疑問句中，是想要得到肯定答復的，要用some。例：Would you like some milk?對于there be 疑問句的回答：肯定：Yes,there isare. No,there isntarent.2.havehas got 有 指某人有某物區(qū)分 ：have has: have用來修飾第一人稱和第二人稱和第三人稱復數(shù)（I ，we ，they) has用來修飾第三人稱單數(shù)（she, he , it ）若表示某人沒有某物，則要用否定形式，即在havehas got 后加not 即have not (havent)got ,has not(hasnt)got.某人是否有某物則要用havehas got的疑問形式，HaveHas +sb.sth. + got回答：肯定：Yes, i we they have. Yes , she he it has. 否定：No , i we they havent. No, she he it hasnt.注意：there be 和 have got 的區(qū)別 兩者雖都指有，但側(cè)重點不同。雖然都是“冰箱里有食物”但（1）句側(cè)重于食物，（2）句側(cè)重于冰箱。3.be(am is are)用法：我用am 你用are， is連著她他它，單數(shù)用is，復數(shù)用arebe 的否定形式 直接加not 即 am not, are not , is not.疑問形式把be提前 即 be+ 主語.？回答：肯定：Yes, I am. Yes,she he it is. Yes , you we they are.否定： No, I am not. No, she he it isnt. No , you we they arent.be的句式， 所用情況：1be + 形容詞（adj.). 例：I am very happy.2 be+ 名詞（n.) 例：He is a boy.3 be + 介詞短語 例：She is in the school.4 be形容詞短語例： e is only 11 years old.5 be+ 副詞 例：Class is over.4. 情態(tài)動詞 can can 可以 能夠，表示某人能做某事 用法：can+v.原 不能做某事，則用can 的否定形式：cannot (cant)+v.原 can沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,因此誰能（不能）做某事都能用can若表示某人是否能做某事 則要用can 的疑問形式，即can+sb.？疑問句回答 ：肯定：Yes, I she you he it they we can. 否定：No, I she he it you we they cant.注意：can 表示“能力”時，指現(xiàn)在的能力，并不指過去或?qū)淼哪芰Α? .情態(tài)動詞would 想 主要用于 would you like to .句型中，表示邀請。例：Would you like to go to school with me ?回答一般有兩種形式：1 表示愿意：Id like love to. 2 拒絕：Sorry, 原因。注意：would like to 本身并不表示邀請， 而是想要。例：I would like to some books.另外，表示邀請還能說：Lets. Shall we. What How about.還要注意邀請時詢問信息的表達方式：1）詢問時間：When is. 2) 詢問地點： Where is.6 行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動詞可分為四類：實義動詞、系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞。行為動詞也叫實義動詞，比如eat,sleep,行為動詞后面只能副詞修飾系動詞比如seem，be動詞，可以用形容詞，用法：1.如果表示某人經(jīng)常性或習慣性做某事，則要用行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時He goes to school every day.They eat dinner in the evening.2.若表示某人現(xiàn)在的動態(tài)，也可用一般現(xiàn)在時。I know him very well. 我和他很熟。He likes English very much. 他非常喜歡英語。若表示否定意義，若主語是第一人稱或第二人稱或第三人稱復數(shù)，只要在謂語動詞后加not，即do not(dont) ，若主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，則要在謂語動詞后加does not (doesnt)例：I dont go to school every day. She doesnt goes to the shop every day. You don t sing vell well.若表示是否經(jīng)常做某事 則要用疑問意義，將do does 提前即可例：Do you write a composition every day? 你每天寫一篇作文嗎？ Does it smell good? 它聞起來很香嗎？注意：行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時中涉及了頻度副詞，用法：用于行為動詞之前，be動詞之后常見的頻度副詞有：often，always， usually， never, seldom，sometimes等7.變法總結(jié)名詞變復數(shù)（1）一般在詞尾加-s 例詞：bags, vegetables ， books（2）以s , x , ch , sh 結(jié)尾的加-es 例詞: watches , boxes , buses ， brushes(3)以o 結(jié)尾的加-es 例詞：heroes 英雄 negroes 黑人 tomatoes 西紅柿 potatoes 土豆（4）以o 結(jié)尾的加-s 例詞：zoos , zeros(5) 以 輔音字母+y 結(jié)把y 變 i 加-es 例詞：babybabies ，citycities(6)以 f 或 fe 結(jié)尾 ，把f 或 fe變成 -ves 例詞： lifelives第三人稱單數(shù)變化形式和名詞變復數(shù)變化形式相同。Unit 3 What are you doing for vacation?l 1.掌握一些動詞短語l 2.掌握what, where，when，how long引導的特殊疑問句。l 3.學會現(xiàn)在進行時表將來的用法考點整理1.和朋友們一起度過時光spend time with friends 2、租借影碟Rent videos 3、考慮think about4、決定。decide on.5、向她詢問她的計劃ask her about her plan 6、忘記要做某事forget to do7、回來Come back=get back Unit 37. 那聽起來很棒。That sounds nice.8. 休閑在家relax at home9. 你將和誰一起去? Who are you going with?11. 在(深)山里in the mountains12. 你將呆多長時間？How long are you staying?13. 離開太長時間go away for too long27. 做一些不同的事do something different28. 計劃做某事plan to do sth29. 在鄉(xiāng)村in the countryside31. 多睡sleep a lot32. 迫不及待做某事cant wait to do sth33. 做完某事finish doing sth35. 詢問某人某事ask sb about sth36. 一個觀光的好地方a good place to go sightseeing37. 隨身帶上某物take sth with sb38. 離開某地leave +(from) 地點 動身前往某地leave for +地點 離開去leave for 1. something different 不同的事情 形容詞修飾不定代詞時放在不定代詞后面2. plan n. make plans v. plan to do somethinginteresting 有趣的 surprising 令人吃驚的 exciting 令人興奮的Interested 感到興趣 surprised 感到吃驚 excited 感到興奮3.It takes (sb.) +time +to do sth. 花某人多長時間做某事; 在這一句型中, time 指一段時間,常用how long 提問 4.spend spent spent 花費 spend some time/ some money on something (in) doing something. spend 以人做主語花費 take 以it做形式主語 cost 以物做主 6 . cant wait to do sth 迫不及待地做某事 7. finish + V-ing8. ask sb about sth 問某人關于某事9. be away + for +一段時間 離開go away 走開, take away 拿開，帶走, keep away 離開1.leave from從離開2. leave for 動身去3.leave A for B 是離開A到B區(qū)別 leave + sth + 介詞+ 地點 把某物忘在某處forget + sth 把某事忘了，想不起來了11. forget forgot 忘記 forget doing something 忘記做過了某事 forget to do something 忘記要去做某事 3. show sth. to sb. = show sb. Sth. 把拿給人看show sb. Sth.=show sth. to sb.出示某物給某人看 give me the book=give the book to me 給我書，pass me the cup=pass the cup to me 把杯子遞給我，sell me the house=sell the house to me 把房子賣給我 buy me a book =buy a book for me 給我買書，make me a cake=make a cake for me給我做蛋糕 5.Go +doing 去干某事l 1. go swimming 去游泳 l 2. go boating去劃船l 3. go skating 去溜冰 l 4. go walking去散步 l 5. go climbing 去登山 l 6. go dancing去跳舞 l 7. go hiking 去徒步遠足 l 8. go sightseeing 去觀光 l 9.go camping 去野營l 10. Go shopping 去買東西l 11 go bike riding 騎自行車旅行，l 12.go fishing 去釣魚 6.do some reading 讀書l 1. do some shopping 買東西 l 2. do some washing 洗衣服 l 3. do some cooking 作飯 l 4. do some reading 讀書 l 5. do some speaking訓練口語 正在進行時表將來1）、可以用進行時表將來的詞有：leave/go/come/arrivestart等2.Be going to+V原3.will+V原選擇題1. I am going to spend my summer v acation with my sister.2. Tom doesnt have enough money to buy a house, so he has to r ent one.3.Whats your p lan for this term.4.A: What D you ? B: I am my sister. A: do; do; babysit B: are; doing; babysit C: did; do; babysitting D: are; doing; babysitting5.A: What is he doing for vacation? B: He is A . A: going camping B: go camp C: go camping D: going camp ( C )1. -Whats she doing this summer holiday? -She_her sister. A. babysits B. babysitter C. is babysitting ( D )2. ” What are we going to do on Sunday?” “ How about _ ?” A. to go bike riding B. going bike to ride C. going to bike ridingD. going bike riding ( C )3. Im going bike riding after I finish_the book. A. to write B. writes C. writing( C )4. The food is the same every day, today I want to eat_.l A. different something B. anything different l C. something different(B)5. There isnt _with your watch. It works well. A. wrong something B. anything wrong C. nothing wrong練習：1. We are going _camping_(camp) this Sunday. 2. Liu Hong is the _twelfth_ (twelve) one to come here. 3. Will you please show all your_photos_(photo) to me. 4. Lets go bike _riding _(ride) this weekend. 5. The children couldnt wait _to watch_ ( watch) the match. 6. They are going _fishing_(fish) next Sunday. 7. My parents want to ask me about place _to visit _ (visit) in England.8. After I finish _cleaning _ (clean) the room, Ill have a rest. 10. Lucy spend an hour _doing_(do) her homework every day.11. I plan_to study _ (study) English next year. 12. I want to do something _different_(difference) this time. 13. Mike is _staying_ (stay) for five days. 14. Tell him _to be _(be ) quiet in the reading room. 15. That is a good place_to watch _(watch) birds.16. How about_camping _(camp) with us to the museum?17. My family _are going _(go) sightseeing next week.18. I am _panning _(plan) my vacation to Italy this weekend.( A )6. “Im sorry I forgot the letter for you!” “It doesnt matter, Ill post it myself.” A. to post B. posting C. post D. posted( B )7. I put my photos at home. Can I _tomorrow? A. show you to them B. show them to you C. show them you( A ) 8. My mother wants _a teacher. A.me to be B. to me be C. me be to( C )9. Im going bike riding after I finish_the book. A. to write B. writes C. writing ( C )10 I always feel tired, can you give me some_? A. good advices B. pieces of good advices C. pieces of adviceD 11.- Whats your father _ this Sunday? - He is going to Wuhan. A. do B. does C. to do D. doingA 12. Theyre _ in the mountains. A. going camping B. go camping C. go to camp D. going campC 13. Dad is planning _ me a new computer. A. buying B. buy C. to buy D. boughtB 14. The story sounds _. A. fun B. funny C. funnily D. badlyB 15. My son _ fifteen next Saturday. A. is B. will be C. is going to be D. wasA 16. With _ are you going to Beijing? A. whom B. who C. whose D. whosC 17. The poor beggar died _ a cold night. A. in B. at C. on D. for18. My bag is black. What about _yours_? (you)19. How about _swimming_ in the river? (swim)20. The _babysitters_ are _babysitting_ those busy parents children. (babysit 初中英語固定句型，詞組及重要知識點(一)句型(一) such+名詞性詞組+that So+形容詞/副詞+that如此以致 例如：(1)She is such a good teacher that we all love her.她是一個好老師，我們都愛她。 (2)It was such a hot day that they didnt go out for a walk as usual.這么熱的天氣，他們沒有像往常一樣去散步。 注意點： 1.such+a+形容詞+名詞+that，可以改寫成：so+形容詞+a+名詞+that，例句(1)可以改寫成：She is so good a teacher that we all love her. 2.在such+形容詞+名詞復數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞+that結(jié)構(gòu)中，形容詞如果是many/few或much/little時，用so不用such，即：so+many/few+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)+that，so+much/little+不可數(shù)名詞+that (1)There are so many people in the room that I cant get in.房間里人太多，我進不去。 (2)The man has so much money that he can buy a car.那人很有錢，他能買一輛小汽車。 句型(二) （就近一致） There be，eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also 例如：(1)There is a pen and two pencils in his pencil-box.他的鉛筆盒里有一支鋼筆和兩支鉛筆。 (2)Not only you but also I have been to the Great Wall.你和我都沒有去過長城。 (3)Either you or I am leaving for Shanghai.要么你去上海，要么我去上海。 (4)Neither you nor he is right.你和他都不對。 (5)Both Jack and Tim are English. Jack和Tim是英國人。 注意點： 當這幾個句型連接主語時，謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要考慮“就近原則”，對比bothand 來記憶，bothand連接主語時視為復數(shù)。 句型(三) Enough+名詞+to do有足夠的做某事 形容詞/副詞+enough+to do 足夠做某事 例如：(1)There is enough room to hold these people to have a meeting.有足夠的地方容下這些人開會。 (2)The boy is strong enough to carry the heavy box.這個男孩力氣夠大，能搬動這只箱子。 注意點： enough做副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時，放在所修飾詞的后面，句子可以用sothat句型改寫。例句(2)可以改寫為：The boy is so strong that he can carry the heavy box.這個男孩力氣很大，能搬動這只箱子。 句型(四) too . to . too+形容詞/副詞+to do太以致不能 例如：(1)I was too excited to say a word.我激動得一個字也說不出來。 (2)Tom is too short to reach the apple. Tom太矮了，拿不到那個蘋果。 注意點： 這是一個否定句型，不能在不定式前加 not，可以用sothat結(jié)構(gòu)改寫，例如例句(1)可以改寫成：I was so excited that I couldnt say a word.句型(五) So that 以便/ 以致 例如：(1)They studied hard so that they could pass the exam.他們學習很努力，為了能通過考試。 (2)They started early so that they caught the early bus.他們起得很早，結(jié)果趕上了早班車。 注意點： 在例句(1)中,是引導目的狀語；在例句(2)中，是引導結(jié)果狀語。一般來講，從句中含有情態(tài)動詞的，為目的狀語。無情態(tài)動詞的，為結(jié)果狀語 句型(六) 祈使句+then/or/and+陳述句 例如：(1)Work hard,and/then/and then you will live a happy life.努力工作，你就會過上幸福生活。 (2)Hurry up, or we will be late for school. 快點，否則我們上學就遲到了。 注意點： 以上句型都可以用條件狀語從句來改寫。例句(2)可以改寫成：If we dont hurry up,well be late for school. 句型(七) (1)Its time for sth.是干某事的時間了。 Its time (for sb) to do sth.該干某事了。 Its time that sb did sth.該干某事了。 例如：(1) Its time for the meeting.該開會了。 (2)Its time for us to go to school.我們該上學了。 (3)Its high time that you went to bed.你該上床休息了 注意點： 在句型(3)中，可以在time前加rush、 high等修飾詞，這個句型是虛擬語氣的一種，含有“稍遲一點”的含義。而(2)則是“正是干某事的時候”。 句型(八) 花費” (1)It takes sb. Some time to do sth.干某事花某人一些時間 (2)sb. spend some time on sth./(in) doing sth.某人花時間在某事上/花時間干某事 (3)sb. spend some money on sth./(in) doing sth.某人花錢在某物上/花錢干某事 (4)sth. cost sb. Some money某事花某人一些錢 (5) sb. pay some money for sth.某人為某事(物)付錢 例如：(1)It took me two hours to write the letter.寫這封信花了我兩小時的時間。 (2)He spends half an hour (in) reading English every morning.他每天早上花半小時讀英語。 (3)He spends one hour on the housework every day.他每天花一小時做家務。 (4)The bike cost me 298 yuan.這輛自行車花了我298元。 (5)I spent 298 yuan on the bike.我買這輛自行車花了298 元。 (6)I paid 298 yuan for the bike.我花了298元買這輛自行車。 注意點：cost主語一般為物；spend、pay主語一般為人。例(1)中it 用做形式主語，動詞不定式為真正主語。句型(九) 提建議 (1)Why not do?為什么不干某事？ (2)Lets do 讓我們干某事吧。 (3)Shall we do ?我們干某事好嗎？ (4)Would you like something/to do sth.?你想要什么嗎？你想要干嗎？ (5)Will you please do ?請你干某事好嗎？ (6)What (How) about doing?干某事怎么樣？ 例如：(1)Why not go and ask our teacher?Good idea!Lets go.為什么不去問問老師？好主意！走吧！ (2)Shall we go out for a walk?No, lets go to the zoo.我們?nèi)ド⒉皆趺礃?？不，我們?nèi)游飯@吧。 (3)Will you please fetch some chalks for me?請你給我拿些粉筆，好嗎？ (4)What about singing an English song? Wonderful!唱首英語歌曲怎么樣？好極了！ 注意點：這些句型都是表示“建議”的句子，可視為同義句。句型(十) (1)Lets go out for a walk,shall we?讓我們出去散步，好嗎？ (2)Read the book carefully,will you?認真讀書，好嗎？ 注意點：在這兩個句型中，(2)所代表的祈使句，一般用will you構(gòu)成反意疑問句。在(1)中Lets表示包括“我”在內(nèi)，用shall we，但若是let us，表示不包括“我”在內(nèi)，則用will you。 例如：Let us go out for a walk,will you?你讓我們出去散散步，好嗎？ 句型(十一) 倒裝句 So+be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語也 Neither/Nor+be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語也不 例如：(1)He can sing a lot of English songs,so can she.他會唱很多英語歌曲，她也是。 (2)She speaks English very well,so do I.她英語說得好，我也是。 (3)Li Lei hasnt read this book,neither has Lin Feng.李蕾沒看過這本書，林風也沒看過。 注意點：這兩個句型都表示和前面所陳述的內(nèi)容相同，用倒裝句。要注意和 “so+主語+be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞確實是”相區(qū)別，試對比一下例(2)： A：She speaks English very well.她英語說得很好。 B：so she does.確實是這樣。 句型(十二) 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移 I dont think his answer is right.我認為他的答案不對。 例如：(1)I cant believe she is right.我相信她是不對的。 (2)You dont think they will come tomorrow, do you?你認為他們明天不會來，是嗎？ 注意點：Think、believe、suppose 等接賓語從句時，表示否定時否定主句。變?yōu)榉匆庖蓡柧鋾r，若主語是第一人稱，簡短問句與賓語從句的主謂語保持一致， 若主句主語是其他人稱，與主句主謂語保持一致。例(1)變?yōu)榉匆庖蓡柧鋺獮椋篒 cant believe she is right,is she? （在某些情況下，這種否定也可能不轉(zhuǎn)移，如有興趣，可上網(wǎng)查找“否定不轉(zhuǎn)移”(二)初中英語重要句型(25組）1.There be結(jié)構(gòu) a.這是英語中常見的一種結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“某地有某物”其含義為“存在有”。 eg.There are twenty girls in our class.have也解釋為“有”但是與there be有區(qū)別，它的含義是“所有，屬有”，其主語為某人。eg.I have a nice watch. b.There be結(jié)構(gòu)中的be動詞要和后面所跟名詞保持一致。 C, there be 結(jié)構(gòu)的否定和疑問構(gòu)成方式：2.There is a rivernear our school.否：There is not a river near our school.問：Is there a river near our school.回答：Yes, there is. No, there isnt.劃How many rivers are there near our school? Whats near our school?d.there be結(jié)構(gòu)的一般將來時，同學們較難掌握，其正確形式為：there is going to be e.反意疑問句的構(gòu)成：There is no water in the glass, is there?There is going to _ a football match this afternoon. A.have B.watch C.be D.playThey were sure that they were going to _ a rest. A.be B.have C.be on D.on 2.so,neither引導的倒裝句a.So+be(助動詞，情態(tài)動詞)+主語。表示某人也是如此。eg.Mike has bought some foreign stamps. So has Bob.=Bob has bought some,too.b.Neither+be(助動詞，情態(tài)動詞)主語，表示某人也不。eg.Mother has never been to Japan. Neither has Father.=Father has never been to Japan, either. c.So主語be(助動詞，情態(tài)動詞)。表示果真如此(贊同),請與a.區(qū)別。eg.A:Mike is right in the classroom. B:So he is.=He is really in the class room. 3.Its+時間+since動詞過去式。自從.起已有.時間了。 Its two weeks since we met last.(自從我們上次見面已有兩個星期了) How long is it since we left Beijing?(自從我們離開北京已有多久了 4.祈使句+and (那么).eg.Go straight on and youll see a school. =If you go straight on, youll see a school. 5.祈使句+or.否則.eg.Work hard, or you will fall behind the other students. =If you dont work hard, youll fall behind the other. 6. The+比較級.，the+比較級.越.越. eg.The more, the better.越多越好。 The harder you work on it, the better youll be at it.(你越用功，你就越好。) 7.How do you like the film? =What do you think of the film? (你認為這部電影怎樣？) 8.What.do with.?怎樣對付.?怎樣處理.? 雖然中文為怎樣，我們絕不可照字面翻譯為how. eg.A:What have you done with the library book? B:Ive just returned it to the library. 9.I dont know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦？ I dont know how to do. 10.What.be like?.是什么樣的？eg.Whats the weather like?天氣如何？ Whats your school like?你們學校是什么樣的？ 11.What.for?為何目的？為什么？eg.What do you want a science lab for?=Why do you want a science lab? 12.one of +最高級復數(shù) 最.之一eg.Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers. 13.findfeelthink it +形容詞+to do eg.I find it useful to learn English well. (我發(fā)覺學好英語是很有用的) find +賓語 +名詞 eg.I find him a good boy. (我發(fā)現(xiàn)他是個好男孩.)find +賓語 +形容詞 eg.I find the door open/closed. (我發(fā)現(xiàn)門開/關著) I find our bags filled with/full of presents. (我發(fā)現(xiàn)我們的包裝滿了禮物) 14.I dont think+肯定句 我想.不eg.I dont think Ill take it. (我想我不買它了)請注意:中文意思否定在從句中,但是英語的表達否定在主句中。 15.prefer A to B=like A better than B更喜歡A不怎么喜歡B. eg. I prefer fish to chicken.= I like fish better than chicken prefer to do rather than dowould rather do than do= would do rather than do16.had better do sth.最好干某事.否定:had better not do sth.特別注意:had better后面跟be動詞詞組,不可漏掉be. eg.Youd better catch a train. Youd better not talk in class. Youd better not be late for the class. 17.It is good (nice) of+賓格+to do