反壟斷法律術(shù)語.doc

AAbuse of monopoly power 濫用壟斷支配力Abuse theory 濫用理論Abusive conduct 濫用行為Acquired firm 被收購的企業(yè),被收購方Acquiring firm 收購企業(yè),收購方Acquisition of asset 資產(chǎn)的收購Act of state doctrine 國家行為理論Actual damage 實(shí)際損失Additional suit 附加訴訟Administrative adjudication 行政裁決Administrative process 行政訴訟程序Adverse competitive effect 反競(jìng)爭(zhēng)影響,反競(jìng)爭(zhēng)效果Affirmative duty 積極的義務(wù)Aftermarket 下游市場(chǎng)Aggravating circumstance 從重處罰情節(jié)Aggressive pricing 超高定價(jià)Agreement to divide market 分割市場(chǎng)的協(xié)議Agreement with mixed competitive consequence 帶有混合競(jìng)爭(zhēng)后果的協(xié)議Allocate market geographically 從地域方面分割市場(chǎng)Allocative efficiency 資源配置效率Amicus brief 為協(xié)助法庭而對(duì)案情所提出的意見書，法庭之友意見概要Ancillary restraint/ partial restraint 附屬的/部分的限制Annual sale 年銷售額Anti-competitive effect 反競(jìng)爭(zhēng)效果Anticompetitive stock acquisition 反競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的股份收購Anticompetitive 限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的，反競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的Anti-merger 合并控制Antitrust 反壟斷，反托拉斯Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International Operations 國際經(jīng)營的反壟斷執(zhí)法指南Antitrust felony 反壟斷重罪Antitrust immunity 反壟斷法的除外Antitrust litigation 反壟斷訴訟Antitrust procedures and penalties act of 1974 反壟斷程序和處罰法Antitrust scrutiny 反壟斷審查Assign customer 劃分客戶Assistant Attorney General 美國聯(lián)邦司法部長(zhǎng)助理Assured source of supply 穩(wěn)定的供貨渠道Attempt to monopolize 企圖獨(dú)占Attempted monopolization 企圖獨(dú)占Attenuating circumstance 從輕處罰情節(jié)Attorney General 司法部部長(zhǎng)Automatic adjustment mechanism 自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制Average revenue平均收益Average total cost 平均總成本Average variable cost 平均可變成本BBackward integration 上游合并（與供應(yīng)商的合并）Bad faith 惡意Bar association 律師協(xié)會(huì)Barrier to entry 進(jìn)入壁壘，進(jìn)入障礙Beleaguered small business 處于困境中的小企業(yè)Below-cost pricing 低于成本的定價(jià)Benchmarking 制定基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)Bid 出價(jià)Bid-rigging 串通投標(biāo)Bilateral cooperation agreement 雙邊合作協(xié)議Blanket license arrangement 一攬子許可協(xié)議Blanket license 一攬子許可Block patent 封鎖專利Bona fide 善意Bottleneck doctrine 瓶頸理論Bright-line test 可明確適用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Burden of proof 舉證負(fù)擔(dān)Bureau of competition 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)局Business behavior交易行為Business pattern 經(jīng)營方式Business reputation 商業(yè)信譽(yù)Buyer-lever competition 買方競(jìng)爭(zhēng)CCartel participant/ cartelist 卡特爾參加者 Cartel price 卡特爾價(jià)格Cartel 卡特爾Case-by-case evaluation 個(gè)案分析，個(gè)案評(píng)估Casual connection 因果關(guān)系Cause of action 訴因Celler-Kefauver Act 塞勒-克福弗反合并法Chain operation連鎖經(jīng)營Chain store 連鎖店Characterization process 認(rèn)定程序Charter of freedom 自由憲章Chicago school 芝加哥學(xué)派Chief Justice 首席法官Circumstantial evidence 環(huán)境證據(jù)Class action 集團(tuán)訴訟Classic conspiracy 典型的共謀行為Coercion 強(qiáng)制Collaboration 協(xié)作/聯(lián)合Collateral offense 附帶性的違法Collateral restraint 附帶限制Collateral 從屬于Collective action 集體行為，多方行為Collective conduct 集體行為Collective power 聯(lián)合力量Collusion 共謀Collusion 共謀行為Commercial Clause憲法中的商業(yè)條款Committed entry 不自由的市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入，市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入有較高的門檻Competing bid 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的出價(jià)Competition policy 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)政策Competitive variable 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性變量Competitiveness 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力Compromise 和解Compulsory licensing 強(qiáng)制許可Concentration in the relevant market 相關(guān)市場(chǎng)的集中度Concentration 集中Concerted efforts by competitors 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者之間的協(xié)同行為Concerted horizontal refusal to deal橫向聯(lián)合抵制交易Concerted refusal to deal 聯(lián)合抵制交易Conglomerate merger 混合合并Conscious parallelism 有意識(shí)的協(xié)調(diào)Consciously parallel pricing conduct 有意識(shí)的協(xié)調(diào)價(jià)格行為Consent order 同意令Consignment agreement 寄售協(xié)議Consignment arrangement 寄售協(xié)議(安排） Consolidation 聯(lián)合Conspiracy to monopolize 通過共謀行為實(shí)現(xiàn)獨(dú)占Conspiracy 共謀Conspiratorial conduct 共謀行為Consumer welfare 消費(fèi)者福利Continuum model 一體分析方法Contractor 承包商Contributory infringement 共同侵權(quán)Control natural monopoly 管制自然壟斷Convicted antitrust defendant 被判決違反反壟斷法的被告Copyright infringement suit 版權(quán)侵權(quán)訴訟Corporate entity 法人實(shí)體Corporate Leniency Policy 對(duì)公司的寬大處理政策Corporate merger 公司合并Corroborating evidence 佐證，確證的證據(jù)（也是一種附加的證據(jù)，這種證據(jù)使得提供的證據(jù)更為有利）Cost consumer 使消費(fèi)者受到損失Cost justification 成本抗辯，成本辯護(hù)Cost saving 成本節(jié)約Cost-based school 以成本為基礎(chǔ)的學(xué)派Coverage 專利的有效范圍Criminal indictment 刑事控告Criminal investigation 刑事調(diào)查Criminal prosecution刑事追訴/起訴/公訴Criminal sanction 刑事制裁Cross-elasticity of demand 需求交叉彈性Cross-examination 交叉盤問Cross-licensing agreement 相互許可協(xié)議 Cross-licensing 相互許可DDamage claim 損害賠償之訴Damage settlement 損害賠償和解Dealer-imposed price restraint 銷售商強(qiáng)加的價(jià)格限制Declaratory judgment 宣告（式）判決，確認(rèn)判決（法院只宣告確認(rèn)當(dāng)事人某項(xiàng)權(quán)利）Deconcentration分散Defense 辯護(hù)Degree of industry concentration 產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度Delineating the relevant market 界定相關(guān)市場(chǎng)Delivered price 交付價(jià)格Demand curve/schedule 需求曲線Demand elasticity 需求彈性Demand substitution需求替代Denying access 拒絕進(jìn)入Depression-era 經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條時(shí)期Deregulation of industry 對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)的放松管制Dichotomy model 二分法Dictum 法官判決的附帶意見Direct infringer 直接的侵權(quán)行為人Direct victim 直接受害人Directness of the injury 損害的直接性Discretion 自由裁量權(quán)Discriminatory allowance 歧視性的折讓Dismiss 駁回（案件）Distribution channel 銷售渠道Distribution cost 銷售成本Distribution pattern 銷售方式Diversified producer 多樣化產(chǎn)品的制造商Divestiture decree 拆散的判決Divestiture or compulsory licensing of intellectual property 剝奪或者強(qiáng)制許可知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)Doctrine of comity 禮讓原則Dominant firm占市場(chǎng)支配地位的企業(yè)Dominant position 市場(chǎng)支配地位Downstream market 下游市場(chǎng)Drawing of the market boundary 界定市場(chǎng)范圍Due process 正當(dāng)程序Duplicative recovery 雙重補(bǔ)償/追償Duration of waiting period等待期間 Duration 持續(xù)期間Economy of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)Effective competition 有效競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Efficiency defense 效率抗辯Dlasticity of supply 供給彈性EEnd user 最終消費(fèi)者End-use 終端使用Enforcement agency 執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)Enforcement guideline 執(zhí)行指南Entrench dominance 加強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)支配地位Entry barrier 市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入障礙/壁壘Entry condition進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)的條件Entry fee 入會(huì)費(fèi)，進(jìn)入費(fèi)Entry of the market 市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入Equitable decree 衡平法上的判決Equitable relief 衡平法上的救濟(jì)Equitable servitude on chattel 衡平法上的在動(dòng)產(chǎn)上設(shè)定的地役權(quán)Essential facility 關(guān)鍵設(shè)施Bottleneck doctrine瓶頸理論Evade price control 規(guī)避價(jià)格管制Evidentiary burden 舉證責(zé)任Ex ante 事先Ex post 事后Excess capacity 過剩的生產(chǎn)能力Exchange assurance 交換承諾Exclude rival 排除競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者Exclusionary act排他行為，排斥競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為Exclusionary conduct 排他行為Exclusionary purpose 排斥競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的目的Exclusionary排他性的，排斥競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的Exclusive authority 專有權(quán)Exclusive dealing agreement 獨(dú)家經(jīng)銷協(xié)議Exclusive dealing contract 獨(dú)家經(jīng)銷合同Exclusive dealing 排他性交易，獨(dú)家交易Exclusive right 獨(dú)占權(quán)Exclusive territorial arrangement 排他性的地域劃分Exclusive territory 獨(dú)占地域Exculpate 宣告無罪Exemption 豁免Exit of the market市場(chǎng)退出Explicit agreement / Express agreement 明示協(xié)議Express or tacit collusion 明示或默示的合謀 Extension of the waiting period 等待期的延長(zhǎng)Extraterritorial reach 域外效力FFailing division defense 垂危部門抗辯Failing firm defense 垂危公司抗辯Federal merger guideline聯(lián)邦合并指南Federal Trade Commission Act 聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)法Felony 重罪Field of use 應(yīng)用范圍Finding 事實(shí)認(rèn)定Fix price 固定價(jià)格Fix the price of patented goods on resale 固定專利產(chǎn)品的轉(zhuǎn)售價(jià)格Fixed cost 固定成本Fixing of maximum resale price 固定最高轉(zhuǎn)售價(jià)格Foreign sovereign act 外國政府行為Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 外國主權(quán)豁免法Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act 對(duì)外貿(mào)易反壟斷改進(jìn)法Forestalling 買斷Forfeit asset 沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)Forward integration 下游合并（與客戶的合并）Fragmented industry 集中度很低的行業(yè)Franchise agreement 特許經(jīng)營協(xié)議Franchised agent 有特許權(quán)的代理人Franchised agreement 特許經(jīng)營協(xié)議Fraudulent procurement of a patent 通過欺騙取得專利權(quán)Free-ride 搭便車Fringe supplier 潛在供貨商Functional discount 功能折扣Future competition 潛在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)GGame theory 博弈論Game-theoretic school 博弈論學(xué)派Generality 一般原則Geographic extension merger 地域擴(kuò)大型合并Geographic market 地域市場(chǎng)Giant corporation 巨型企業(yè)Good faith 善意Good faith agency 善意的代理關(guān)系Grand jury 大陪審團(tuán)（12-25名陪審員）Group boycott 集體抵制/聯(lián)合抵制Grouping buyer 集團(tuán)化的買方Guideline 指南Guild customs 行會(huì)習(xí)慣HHart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvement Act 哈特-斯科特-羅迪諾反壟斷修訂法Height of entry barrier 進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)的障礙程度Herfindahl-Hirschman index 赫爾芬達(dá)-赫爾斯曼指數(shù)，赫氏指數(shù)Heterogeneous不同質(zhì)的，異質(zhì)的Huge barrier to entry and exit 進(jìn)入和退出市場(chǎng)方面存在很大障礙Hobsons choice 無選擇余地Holder of a legal monopoly 合法壟斷權(quán)人Holding company 控股公司Homogeneous同質(zhì)的Horizontal alliance 橫向聯(lián)合Horizontal allocation of territory 橫向地域分割Horizontal collaboration 橫向聯(lián)合Horizontal collusion橫向合謀Horizontal market division 橫向市場(chǎng)劃分Horizontal merger guideline 橫向合并指南Horizontal merger 橫向合并Horizontal output restraint 橫向產(chǎn)量限制Horizontal price-fixing arrangement 橫向固定價(jià)格安排horizontal price-fixing conspiracy 橫向固定價(jià)格的共謀Horizontal price-fixing 橫向固定價(jià)格Horizontal restraint 橫向限制Horizontal territorial division 橫向地域劃分House of Lords 上議院IIllegal per se 本身違法Illegal purpose 非法目的Illicit cooperation 不正當(dāng)合作Impair competition 損害競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Impairment of primary line competition 對(duì)第一級(jí)的損害Impediment to competition 妨礙競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Imperative 命令，規(guī)則Implicit agreement 默示協(xié)議Implied contract 默示合同Impose a tie-in 強(qiáng)加附加協(xié)議Incompetence 無行為能力Individual license 個(gè)別許可Industrial concentration 產(chǎn)業(yè)集中Industrial organization economics 產(chǎn)業(yè)組織經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Industrial Organization Theory 產(chǎn)業(yè)組織理論Inference of monopoly power 壟斷力量的干預(yù)Information exchange 信息交換Information sharing 信息分享Injunction 禁令I(lǐng)njunctive relief 禁令性救濟(jì)Insurance coverage 保險(xiǎn)范圍Intangible property rights 無形財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)Intellectual property rights 知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)Intended victim 預(yù)期的受害人Intent to monopolize 壟斷意圖Interbrand competition 品牌之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)interchangeability 可替代性Interfirm coordination 企業(yè)間的協(xié)調(diào)行為Interlocking director 連鎖董事/共同董事Interlocking directorate 連鎖董事Internal expansion 內(nèi)部擴(kuò)張Interstate commerce 州際貿(mào)易Intrabrand competition 品牌內(nèi)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)/同一商標(biāo)銷售商之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Investment return投資回報(bào)Invitation to collude 引誘進(jìn)行共同犯罪行為Invitation to withhold immunity 請(qǐng)求撤銷豁免Ipso facto 根據(jù)事實(shí)本身Issue of security 證券發(fā)行JJoint arrangement 聯(lián)合安排Joint horizontal action橫向聯(lián)合行為Joint venture 合營企業(yè)Judicial construction 司法解釋Judicial discretion 法官的自由裁量權(quán)Jurisdictional holes 管轄權(quán)漏洞Jurisdictional reach 管轄范圍Jurisdictional restriction 管轄權(quán)的限制Jury 陪審團(tuán)Jury verdict 陪審團(tuán)的裁決Justice Department 美國聯(lián)邦司法部Justice Departments Antitrust Division 聯(lián)邦司法部的反壟斷局KKnow-how 專有技術(shù)Knowing 明知LLaissez faize 自由放任（的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策）Legal viability 法律上的根據(jù)Legitimate end 合法的目的Less demanding liability test 非強(qiáng)制性責(zé)任標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Lessee 承租人Lessor 出租人Letters patent 專利許可證，專利特權(quán)許可證Leverage theory 杠桿理論Leveraging 杠桿作用Licensee 被許可人License-prescribed price 專利許可協(xié)議中規(guī)定的價(jià)格Limitation period 時(shí)效期限Limited antitrust dispensation 有限的反壟斷豁免Listed price 目錄價(jià)格Litigant 訴訟（參與）人Litigation outcome 訴訟結(jié)果Local price-cutting 地方性價(jià)格折讓Location clause 限定地域的條款Lock-in buyer 現(xiàn)有的買方MMake restitution 恢復(fù)原狀Managerial compensation管理人員的報(bào)酬Managerial displacement 管理層的更換Mandated 強(qiáng)制性的Mandatory 強(qiáng)制性的Marginal cost 邊際成本Marginal revenue 邊際收益Marginal utility 邊際效用Market allocation agreement /covenant /scheme 分割市場(chǎng)的協(xié)議Market allocation 市場(chǎng)分割Market behavior市場(chǎng)行為Market characterized by interdependence 以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者之間的相互依賴為特征的市場(chǎng)Market concentration 市場(chǎng)集中Market control 市場(chǎng)支配力Market definition市場(chǎng)界定Market failure 市場(chǎng)失靈Market performance 市場(chǎng)行為Market power measurement 市場(chǎng)支配力的測(cè)量market power市場(chǎng)支配力Market share 市場(chǎng)份額Market structure 市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)Market trend 市場(chǎng)趨勢(shì)Marketing arrangement 營銷協(xié)議Marketing strategy 營銷策略Market-rigging practice 操縱市場(chǎng)的做法Maximum price-fixing 固定最高價(jià)格Maximum resale price maintenance 維持最高轉(zhuǎn)售價(jià)格Measure of cost 成本測(cè)量Measurement and assignment of cost 成本的測(cè)定和分?jǐn)侻easurement yardstick衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Menace to competition 對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的威脅Mephistophelean pact 惡魔的協(xié)議，指對(duì)任何一方均無好處的協(xié)議Merger and acquisition 合并和收購Merger guideline 合并指南Mergers to Monopoly 壟斷性兼并Microeconomics 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Middleman profit 中間人利潤(rùn)Minimum price clause 最低價(jià)格條款Minimum resale price 最低轉(zhuǎn)售價(jià)格Minimum Sherman Act fine 違反謝爾曼法的最低罰款額度Minimum threshold 最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Misallocation of resource 資源錯(cuò)誤配置Misrepresentation 虛假陳述Misuse of private economic power 濫用私人經(jīng)濟(jì)勢(shì)力Misuse of resource 資源的濫用Monetary relief 金錢救濟(jì)Monopolist 獨(dú)占者M(jìn)onopolistic competition壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Monopolization 壟斷化Monopoly power 壟斷力Monopoly pricing 壟斷性定價(jià)Monopoly 壟斷Monopsony 買主獨(dú)家壟斷/買方壟斷Most favored nation clause 最惠國條款Motivation 動(dòng)機(jī)Moving party 動(dòng)議方，提出請(qǐng)求的一方Multicount indictment 數(shù)罪并告Multi-factored reasonableness test 考慮多種因素的合理原則Multiple patent 多重專利權(quán)Mutually accommodating behavior 相互協(xié)調(diào)行為NNaked price fixing 赤裸裸的固定價(jià)格行為Naked restraint 赤裸裸的限制National Association of Attorney General （NAAG）全國檢察長(zhǎng)協(xié)會(huì)Natural monopoly 自然壟斷Net revenue 凈利潤(rùn)No rule school 無規(guī)則學(xué)派No-fault monopolization 無過失的壟斷化Non-binding 無法律約束力的Non-binding guideline 沒有法律約束力的指南Noncontractual restraint 非合同的限制Non-efficiency aim 非效率目標(biāo)Nonexclusive license 非獨(dú)占許可Nonexclusive 非獨(dú)占性的Non-horizontal meger 非橫向合并Nonpatented product 非專利的產(chǎn)品Nonprice competition 非價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Nonprice distribution restraint 非價(jià)格方面的分銷限制Nonprice restriction 非價(jià)格限制Nonprice vertical restraints 非價(jià)格的縱向限制Nonstatutory exemption 非法定的豁免Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 1932年諾里斯-拉格爾迪阿法Notify 申報(bào)OOligopolistic interdependence 壟斷寡頭間的相互依賴Oligopolistic market structure 寡頭壟斷的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)Oligopoly 寡頭壟斷 賣方壟斷Open competition 公開競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Operating cost 交易成本Opportunity cost 機(jī)會(huì)成本Outlaw 宣布為非法Output 產(chǎn)出Overt cartel 公開的卡特爾PPackage of service 一攬子服務(wù)Parallel behavior 協(xié)同的行為Parallel pricing 協(xié)同定價(jià)Parens patriae 政府監(jiān)護(hù)Partial per se standard 不完全的本身違法原則Patented product 專利產(chǎn)品Patentee 專利權(quán)人Pecuniary gain 金錢收益Pecuniary loss 金錢損失Pecuniary reward 金錢報(bào)酬P(guān)er se illegality 本身違法Per se rule 本身違法規(guī)則Per se rule of nonliability 本身無責(zé)任的原則Perfect competition 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Perfectly contestable market 完善的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)Performance test 行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Permissive test 任意性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Personal jurisdiction 屬人管轄權(quán)Pertinent information 有關(guān)的信息Plant specialization 生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化Plea 辯解Plea agreement （經(jīng)法庭批準(zhǔn)，被告為避免受到較重的處罰與控訴人達(dá)成的）認(rèn)罪協(xié)議Plus factor 附加因素 Point-of-sale 銷售點(diǎn)pool the patent 共享專利權(quán)Pooled patent 同源專利Positive trait 好處Post-acquisition收購之后的Post-acquisition market share 收購后的市場(chǎng)份額Post-merger market 兼并之后市場(chǎng)Post-merger market share 兼并后市場(chǎng)份額Potential competition doctrine 潛在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)理論P(yáng)otential entrant 潛在的市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入者Precedent 判例Predation claim 涉及掠奪性定價(jià)的請(qǐng)求Predatory conduct 掠奪性行為Predatory price 掠奪性價(jià)格Predatory pricing 掠奪性定價(jià)Predatory tactics 掠奪性的經(jīng)營策略Predictability 可預(yù)期性Preemption 優(yōu)先權(quán)Preferential rate 優(yōu)惠價(jià)Premerger notification 合并前的申報(bào)Prevail 勝訴Price and non-price restraint 價(jià)格限制與非價(jià)格限制Price concession 價(jià)格折讓Price discrimination 價(jià)格歧視Price fixing 固定價(jià)格Price offer 報(bào)價(jià)Price structure 價(jià)格結(jié)構(gòu)Price uniformity 價(jià)格聯(lián)盟Price verification 價(jià)格核查Price-fixing cartel 固定價(jià)格的卡特爾price-fixing license 固定價(jià)格的許可price-sensitive buyer 對(duì)價(jià)格敏感的購買者Price-setting arrangement 確定價(jià)格的安排Price-shading firm 產(chǎn)品價(jià)格不明朗的企業(yè)Price-taker 價(jià)格接受者Pricing agreement價(jià)格協(xié)議pricing behavior定價(jià)行為Prima facie 初步印象，初步證據(jù)，表面證據(jù)Prima facie case of illegality 初步推定違法的案件Prima facie violation 以初步證據(jù)可認(rèn)定違法Primary line injury 第一級(jí)損害（對(duì)賣方的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的損害）Primary line liability 第一級(jí)損害的責(zé)任Prison term 監(jiān)禁期限Private antitrust action 私人反壟斷訴訟Private attorney general 私人檢察長(zhǎng)（出庭為每個(gè)公民實(shí)施公共權(quán)力的個(gè)人）Private monopoly 私人壟斷Private treble damage claim 私人三倍損害賠償請(qǐng)求Private treble damage action私人三倍損害賠償之訴Probation 緩刑Procompetitive consequence 支持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的后果product differentiation 產(chǎn)品區(qū)分，產(chǎn)品差異Product extension merger 生產(chǎn)擴(kuò)大型合并Product heterogeneity 產(chǎn)品的異質(zhì)性Product homogeneity 產(chǎn)品的同質(zhì)性 Product innovation產(chǎn)品革新Product market 產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)Production quota 生產(chǎn)配額Productive efficiency 生產(chǎn)效率Profit margin利潤(rùn)幅度Profit-maximization 利潤(rùn)最大化Profit-maximizing price可以實(shí)現(xiàn)最大利潤(rùn)的價(jià)格Profit-pooling agreement 分享利潤(rùn)的協(xié)議Proviso 但書Public interest 公共利益Public policy 公共政策Public price announcement 公開報(bào)價(jià)Public utility 公用事業(yè)Pure conglomerate transaction 純混合合并QQuality control 質(zhì)量控制Quasi-public monopoly 準(zhǔn)國家壟斷RRadical price cut 大幅度削價(jià)Reasonable and prudent person 理性人Reasonable interchangeability 合理的可替代性Reasonableness test 合理性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Reciprocal dealing 互惠性交易R(shí)ecoupment test 賠償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Recover damage 追償損害賠償，得到補(bǔ)償Redeeming virtue 可彌補(bǔ)其不足之處的功能Refusal to deal 拒絕交易R(shí)egrating 囤積居奇Reimburse 補(bǔ)償Relaxation of antimerger standard 反合并標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的松動(dòng)Relevant geographic market 相關(guān)地理市場(chǎng)Relevant market 相關(guān)市場(chǎng)Relevant product market 相關(guān)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)Remand the case for further finding 將案件發(fā)回下級(jí)法院要求進(jìn)一步的審查Remand to the trial court 將案件送回下級(jí)法院Remedy 救濟(jì)Rent-seeking 尋租Resale margin 轉(zhuǎn)售商品中的賺頭Resale price maintenance 維持轉(zhuǎn)售價(jià)格 Rescission of completed transaction撤銷已完成的交易R(shí)esource allocation 資源配置Resource misallocation資源的錯(cuò)誤配置Restrict output限制產(chǎn)量Restrictive agreement/ covenant 限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)協(xié)議Restrictive distribution contract 限制銷售協(xié)議Restrictive leasing 限制性的租賃Restrictive provision 限制性條款Retail market 零售市場(chǎng)Retail price 零售價(jià)格Retail price-fixing clause 固定零售價(jià)格的條款Revenue 收益Rival 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手rivalry test 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Robinson-Patman Act 羅賓遜-帕特曼法Royalty 專利使用費(fèi)RPM(Resale price maintenance)轉(zhuǎn)售價(jià)格維持Rule of per se legality 本身合法的原則Rule of reason criteria 合理原則的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Rule of reason 合理原則Rule of reason/a reasonableness test 合理性原則SScale economy 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)Scrutiny 審查Seal of approval 認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Secondary line injury 第二級(jí)損害（對(duì)買方的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的損害）Selective price concession 選擇性的價(jià)格優(yōu)惠Selective price cut 選擇性削價(jià)Self-correct market abuse 可通過市場(chǎng)自行糾正的濫用行為Self-interest 自身利益Seller concentration 賣方集中Separate entity 相互獨(dú)立的實(shí)體Set aside 撤銷Severe liability rule 嚴(yán)格責(zé)任原則sham conduct 欺騙性行為Sherman Act 謝爾曼法Spillover of cost 成本的溢出Spoken assurance 口頭承諾Stabilize price 固定價(jià)格Standard contract 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)合同Standardization 生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化Standing （起訴）資格State attorney general 州檢察長(zhǎng)Status quo 現(xiàn)狀Statutory combination 法定的聯(lián)合Statutory defense 法定的抗辯Stock ownership 股份所有權(quán)structural approach 市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Structural criteria/approach 結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Structural filter school 結(jié)構(gòu)過濾學(xué)派Structural model 結(jié)構(gòu)模式Structural rule 結(jié)構(gòu)性規(guī)則，即根據(jù)市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)認(rèn)定合法性Structural School 結(jié)構(gòu)主義Structural screen 市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)的審查Structuralist school市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)派Structure of an industry產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)Structure-conduct-performance model 結(jié)構(gòu)-行為-績(jī)效模型，按照市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)、市場(chǎng)行為和市場(chǎng)運(yùn)行狀況認(rèn)定市場(chǎng)是否具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的方式Structured rule of reason standa