法律英語(yǔ)試題與答案

.;.一、英譯漢法律英語(yǔ)考查試題及答案1.general jurisdiction一般管轄2.bar examination律師考試3.ripeness案件成熟度4.substantive law實(shí)體法5.no contest pleas 不辯護(hù)也不認(rèn)罪的答辯二、漢譯英1.巡回法院circuit courts 2.模擬法庭moot court 3.案件決議度mootness 4.起訴書(shū)complaint5. 被上訴人appellee三、翻譯短文1. notwolegalsystems,then,are exactlyalike.eachisspecifictoitscountryorits jurisdiction.this does not mean,of course,that every legal system is entirely different from every other legal system.not at all.when two countries are similar in culture and tradition,theirlegal systems are likely to be similar as well.no doubt the law of e1salvador is very much like the lawof honduras.the laws of australia and new zealand are not that far apart.沒(méi)有兩個(gè)法系是恰好相似的。每一種法系對(duì)于它的國(guó)家和它的管轄范圍是特定的。當(dāng)然， 這并不意味著每一種法系是完全不同于其它任何一種法系。當(dāng)兩個(gè)國(guó)家在文化和傳統(tǒng)上相似 的時(shí)候， 他們的法系也很可能相似。難怪薩爾瓦多的法律和洪都拉斯的法律異常相似。澳大利亞的法律和新西蘭的法律也不是相差甚遠(yuǎn)。2. in many jurisdictionsinthe unitedstates,felonies are crimes punishableby death or imprisonment in a state prison or penitentiary and misdemeanors are those punishable by fine of imprisonment in a local jail.(the term jurisdiction refers to the authority of a political entity,suchas a state or a county ,or the territory over which that authority is exercised.)in other jurisdictions,crimes punishable by fine or imprisonment in a local jail.(the term jurisdiction regersto the authority of a political entity,such as a state or a county,or the territory over which that authority is exercised.)in other jurisdictions,crimes punishable by imprisonment for one yeat or more are folonies,and those punishable by fine or imprisonment for less than one year are misdemeanors.since each jurisdiction determines the penalties for offenses it defines,a misdemeanor in one jurisdiction may constitute a felony in another.some jurisdictions have an additional classification for petty offenses,also called infractions,which are usyally punishable bya small fine.在美國(guó)的許多地區(qū)，重罪是被處以死刑或者在州監(jiān)獄里終身監(jiān)禁的犯罪，而輕罪是被 處以罰款或者是在當(dāng)?shù)乇O(jiān)獄監(jiān)禁的犯罪。（這個(gè)管轄術(shù)語(yǔ)涉及政治性實(shí)體的權(quán)威，例如一個(gè)州或者一個(gè)國(guó)家，或者一個(gè)培訓(xùn)權(quán)威的領(lǐng)地。 ）在其他地區(qū)，被處以監(jiān)禁一年或一年以上的是重罪， 被處以罰款或監(jiān)禁少于一年的是輕罪。 因?yàn)槊總€(gè)地區(qū)各自定義決定罪犯的刑罰， 在一個(gè)地區(qū)的輕罪可能在別的地區(qū)是重罪。 一些地區(qū)對(duì)輕微違法有另外的分類(lèi)， 稱(chēng)作侵害， 通常被處以數(shù)量不大的罰款。3. thesystemofcriminalprocedureintheunitedstatesisbothadversarialand accusatorial.the adversatial aspects are as follows:the parties themselves develop and present the evidence before a passive and impartial decisionmaker,with the judge acting only as necessary to assure overall fairness of the contest between the sides.accusatorial principles are not the same as adversarialprinciples,buttheycomplementeachother.accusatorialprinciplesrequirethe “government in itscontest withthe individualto shoulder the entire load,”whileadversarial principles require that the prosecutor,as the governmen t s representative,present the case against thedefendant.thus,theprosecutor must bear the entire burden of proving the defendant s guilt on everyelement of the crime without the compelled assistance of the accused.the u.s. system allows for exceptions to the accusatorial principle,justas it contemplatesexceptions to the asversatial principle,butit remains primarily accusatorial and adversarial.在美國(guó)，刑事訴訟體系包括對(duì)抗式（當(dāng)事人主義）和控告式（職權(quán)主義）。當(dāng)事人主義包括以下幾個(gè)方面：當(dāng)事人自己在一個(gè)消極的公正的決策者之前收集和呈現(xiàn)證據(jù)，而法官僅扮演一個(gè)能夠保證爭(zhēng)議雙方公正的必要角色。職權(quán)主義原則與當(dāng)事人原則不同，但雙方是互補(bǔ)的。職權(quán)主義原則要求政府在個(gè)別爭(zhēng)議中承擔(dān)全部責(zé)任。然而當(dāng)事人主義原則要求政府代 表的檢察官呈現(xiàn)針對(duì)被告的案件。因此，公訴人必須承擔(dān)證明被告有罪的全部責(zé)任，并且在每一個(gè)犯罪要素上排除被告被強(qiáng)迫的幫助。美國(guó)體系容許排除職權(quán)主義原則，正如他沉思排除當(dāng)事人主義原則，但它仍保持著主要的職權(quán)主義原則和當(dāng)時(shí)人原則。4. direct examination and cross examinationthe plaintiffs lawyer calls her or his witness and question the witness.this is know as directexamination.whenthe plaintiff s lawyer has finished,thedefendant s lawyer may cross-examinetheplaintiff s witness .on cross-examination ,the defendtan s lawyer is free either to limit his questions totopics raised by the plainftif s lawyer or to limit his questions to topics raised by the plafintifs lawyer of to open a newline of questioning.whenthe defendantslawyer has finished,the plaintiffs lawyer mayredirect,or ask assitional questions ofthe same witness.onredirect examination,however,theplaintiffs lawyer may ask only questions raised by the defendants lawyer on cross-examination;she or he may not openanewlineofquestioning.upon completionofredirect,thedefendants lawyermay recross-examination;sheor he may not open a new line of questioning.uponcompletion of redirect,the defendants lawyer may recross-examinebut also is limited to questions raised on redirect.whenboth lawyers have asked all of their questions,the witness is excused.原告律師可以直接要求她或者他的證人出庭和詢(xún)問(wèn)證人