2011高考英語(yǔ)必看之-高中英語(yǔ)句子成分

句子成分MembersofaSentence,*句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng),英語(yǔ)的基本成分有七種：_和_,主語(yǔ)(subject)、,謂語(yǔ)(predicate)、,表語(yǔ)(predicative)、,賓語(yǔ)(object)、,定語(yǔ)(attribute)、,狀語(yǔ)(adverbial),補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(complement),英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。,掌握這五種基本句型,是掌握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。,一:(主謂)二:(主系表)三:(主謂賓)四:(主謂間賓直賓)五:(主謂賓賓補(bǔ)),基本句型一:(主謂),主語(yǔ):可以作主語(yǔ)的成分有名詞,主格代詞,動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞等等。主語(yǔ)一般在句首。,謂語(yǔ):謂語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成,是英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)變化的主角,一般在主語(yǔ)之后。不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.)沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。,如:Wecome.,(不及物動(dòng)詞),1.Thesunrose.2.Whocares?3.Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.4.Theytalkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepenwritessmoothly,此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn),即句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句等。,基本句型二:(主系表),此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn):句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思,必須加上一個(gè)表明主語(yǔ)身份或狀態(tài)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ),才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。,系動(dòng)詞分兩類:be,look,keep,seem等,表情況;get,grow,become,turn等屬另一類,表變化。be本身沒(méi)有什么意義,只起連系主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。,感官動(dòng)詞多可用作連系動(dòng)詞:lookwell/面色好,soundnice/聽(tīng)起來(lái)不錯(cuò),feelgood/感覺(jué)好,smellbad/難聞,(是系動(dòng)詞)(表語(yǔ)),1.ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinnersmellsgood.3.Hefellinlove.4.Everythinglooksdifferent.5.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.6.Ourwellhasgonedry.7.Hisfaceturnedred.,*Therebe結(jié)構(gòu):Therebe表示存在有。這里的there沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義,不可與副詞there那里混淆。此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞,表示“(存在)有某事物”。,試比較:Thereisaboythere.(那兒有一個(gè)男孩)前一個(gè)there無(wú)實(shí)意,后一個(gè)there為副詞那里。,基本句型三:(主謂賓),此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義,都是主語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作,但不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ),即動(dòng)作的承受者,才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。,(及物動(dòng)詞)(賓語(yǔ)),1.Whoknowstheanswer?2.Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.3.Heenjoysreading.4.Hesaid“Goodmorning.”5.Headmitsthathewasmistaken.,基本句型四:(主謂間賓直賓),有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),e.g.give/pass/bring/show。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一個(gè)指人(間接賓語(yǔ));一個(gè)指物(直接賓語(yǔ))。,-Givemeacupofteaplease.-ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.-Bringittome,please.,(及物)(多指人)(多指物),Sheorderedherselfanewdress.2.Hebroughtyouadictionary.3.Ishowedhimmypictures.4.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.5.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.,基本句型五:(主謂賓賓補(bǔ)),此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是:動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞,但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ),才能使意思完整。,賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):位于賓語(yǔ)之后對(duì)賓語(yǔ)作出說(shuō)明的成分?？梢杂米髻e語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的有名詞,形容詞,不定式,動(dòng)名詞,分詞,介詞短語(yǔ)等。,Thewarmadehimasoldier.Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.Ioftenfindhimatwork.Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows.Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.,名詞/代詞賓格+n./adj./介詞短語(yǔ)/動(dòng)詞不定式/分詞,(及物)(賓語(yǔ))(賓補(bǔ)),1.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.2.Thissetthemthinking.3.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.4.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.5.Isawthemgettingonthebus.,a.b.c.d.e.,1.Pleastellusastory._2.Shesmiled._3.Ihavealotworktodo._4.Hisjobistotrainswimmers._5.Henoticedamanentertheroom._6.Pleaselookatthepicture._,d,a,e,b,e,c,但常用的英語(yǔ)句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡(jiǎn)短,除了基本句型的成分不變外,通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語(yǔ)而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語(yǔ)可以是單詞(adj./adv./num.數(shù)詞)短語(yǔ)(主要是介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)和分詞短語(yǔ))。我們稱之為:定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)Thelittleboyneedsabluepen.,一、定語(yǔ)：,定語(yǔ)是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子,譯為的。,定語(yǔ)通常位于被修飾的成分前。復(fù)合不定代詞(something/nothing)之后；不定式/分詞短語(yǔ)/從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要放在被修飾的成分后；副詞用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)須放在名詞之后。,Twoboysneedtwopens.HisnameisTom.TheboyinblueisTom.Theboythereneedsapen.Theboyneedsaballpen.Thereisnothingtodotoday.ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina.TheboyyouwillknowisTom.,二、狀語(yǔ)：,狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句的句子成分,說(shuō)明方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。,-Theboyneedsapennow.-Theboyneedsapenverymuch.,可用作狀語(yǔ)的有副詞,不定式,分詞,介詞短語(yǔ),從句等。,Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen.在教室里,男孩需要一支鋼筆。(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))Beforehismother,Tomisalwaysaboy.在母親面前,湯姆總是一個(gè)男孩子。(條件狀語(yǔ))OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.星期天,教室里沒(méi)有學(xué)生。(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)),介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：,分詞(短語(yǔ))作狀語(yǔ)：,Hesitsthere,askingforapen.他坐在那兒要一支筆。(表示伴隨狀態(tài))Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.因?yàn)椴坏貌煌瓿勺鳂I(yè),男孩需要一支筆。(原因狀語(yǔ))Frightened,hesitstheresoundlessly.(因?yàn)?受了驚嚇,他無(wú)聲地坐在那兒。(原因狀語(yǔ)),Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。(目的狀語(yǔ))Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想,湯姆變得對(duì)商業(yè)很有興趣.,不定式作狀語(yǔ)：,狀語(yǔ)從句：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、比較狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句,-Wechattedaswewalkedalong.-Evenifshelaughsathim,headoresher.,三、同位語(yǔ)：,同位語(yǔ)當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí),一個(gè)句子成分用來(lái)說(shuō)明和解釋另一個(gè)句子成分,這個(gè)句子成分就叫做它的同位語(yǔ)。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位語(yǔ),都是指同一批“學(xué)生”)Weallarestudents.(all是we的同位語(yǔ),都指同樣的“我們”),四、獨(dú)立成分：,與全句沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法關(guān)系的句子成分叫做句子的獨(dú)立成分。感嘆詞:oh,hello,aha,ah,等?？隙ㄔ~:yes否定詞:no稱呼語(yǔ):稱呼人的用語(yǔ)。插入語(yǔ):一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend.我相信,這個(gè)故事還遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)結(jié)束.,(一)挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.,(二)挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ)-Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.-Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.-SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.,(三)挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ)1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.3.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.4.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!,(四)挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.Shefounditdifficulttodothework.TheycallmeLilysometimes.IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.,(五)挑出下列句中的狀語(yǔ)Therewasabigsmileonherface.Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.,Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.Iamafraidthatifyouvelostit,youmustpayforit.ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.,劃分句子成分,Youwilltellyourfriendthatyouvegottoschool.2.Butasthemoongavefartoomuchlight,Ididntdareopenawindow.3.Anothertimefivemonthsago,Ihappenedtobeupstairsatduskwhenthewindowwasopen.4.Thedark,rainyevening,thewind,thethunderingcloudsheldmeentirelyintheirpower.,1.Youwilltell(your)friendt