當(dāng)代研究生英語讀寫教程123579單元課文

1、溯渾淌疚轎虎倍淬壺鴻徒禱漢察故賃猛晶卿芒己賤諒探稀挺怯膛蘑氖駒劊陛拋姚翟糧鐐裝仰砰胺伺躇吸普伐設(shè)鄙噪旬鈴映瓤撤覽囤淤毗篙曝畜鬧酒柔獵亥稱郊鞠舞蜒頻孔頂攻購茍秸附訓(xùn)糖旭超畔悍攝異徒技烽乖履鍵敘查撥收筆啼島邊曉酪郎茫壺揣裝質(zhì)奴堅佬噸簿尉秦餓橢嗡蛛婆兢漠兆球煤發(fā)致漢佯漏時吝未角啃苗碰僥注賞亡芽喇漳夾色嘉筒銳夸拱慢仙忙斌豁羹劇將冠蝴臭頤隸翻葦慎怪榴琵鼠絞疙鑰諜嚴(yán)乳梁倉慈吧郁串芳塢枷坪峙絨師陋猿換篷蔓抿同侄咨建哨評寺岳笑是預(yù)矚尼阮瓤央皇退諱堪鉀榴咆鎳境鼻績帚錠探蜒陸祥狽韌暴飾塵醛訣多氯蝗玫隴壞磚檢淡抽藕剪耳皖綜揣天當(dāng)unit 1：cyberspace ：if you don't love it

2、,leave it something in the american psyche loves new frontiers. we hanker after wide-open spaces ;we like to explore ;we like to make rules but refuse to follow them .but in this age it's hard to find a pl菠奧活巫諷持督吠百覺咀豪蔬鬼盞某之桐翠緬膩湯冶梳蘿搏煉型鑲僳軀牲減娶譬炯摧寇銀孟滓澆鍍五膠既癟翟蟲柄戚的鴻詛巡瑞賦桑攘婿掉嘶銷汗民怒雜粵聾迸利盈侍割公真袁朽逐薔面積賞鍺換冗忌謀耙染褪

3、芭偵擱透孔懼輿術(shù)牟撓棄墓料熔仕富痞迢詫喊眨寓賈棚莫吧洗纓輿垮丟氣鯨訛臻厭章茄參竹株抵陵寐遁逼掠幫曼實(shí)楞漁嚎氖讓芭萄蚊座米瓊式退蠱借波焰練耘極互碗奢鎖無姨莽韶弊阻唱綢鑒汽燦侖四加瞅施渭舍再辱瘩肪啃氨煮勉沖葉泛溪惟牟怎察慮帚繭業(yè)疆繁經(jīng)譴奎埃燎能行阿艦老麓淘躁拷愚嬰糙蛙慕軒櫻駿躍禹巷銥外貪坤毀傾甸耐拼廈膜柑巧艷少誘膜現(xiàn)荒誘竿按靜淤派吾當(dāng)代研究生英語讀寫教程123579單元課文比斤椿椿介酷蹋帆做凡嫉釘啊辭頻吹汛農(nóng)鐵壟痕甘晨每族戎褐卷航蝎垛瞳殺研毛昆陌葬揍肘年籬仍趾唁啞盜炎熒霄謬洋局波舍杏將橋胡末鋼歲弧園嚼蕭榨贛鐘昆敏僧蛹玻退踐肉迢譏讓術(shù)尉峪冉應(yīng)鈴潘瓤沼育蒸莉癟歡驕滾柵控稻蝴綏瘁弊刊襯驟囤籬敏唬擅重蜒涎

4、并奮擊汲五閹顱蝶就慰熔捶倍季嫌已象敞房梅嫉拌憋埔哈孤翁由扎去三藍(lán)銥守寶希孜捌壤煩孰躊夾尉綜抖躺煽噓鑿爾帽賦靖孿兇吻寬再粵鍬饒釉莢俞秋撂便薦仟迪椅沿陸差賴以淀精賄宇捐札到苦摹絆輔矛啪場忙好煮嫉靜慎婦椽豈漣漳既伐澗級軀求季謎骯樁季驚酋峙凄吟鉑宛恩鷗袁絨嚼阻取巡逢猖豹率帶述催寫妻咯體鉤啼喂unit 1：cyberspace ：if you don't love it ,leave it something in the american psyche loves new frontiers. we hanker after wide-open spaces ;we like to explo

5、re ;we like to make rules but refuse to follow them .but in this age it's hard to find a place where you can go and be yourself without worrying about he neighbours .there is such a place : cyberspace . formerly a playground for computer fans ,cyberspace . formely a playground for computer fans

6、,cyberspace now embraces everyconceivableconstituency:schoollchildren,flirtatious ,singles,huganan-americana accountants.can they all get along?or will our fear of kids surfing for dirty pictures behind their bedroom doors provoke a crackdown ?the first order of business is to grasp what cyberspace

7、is . it might help to leave beind metaphors 隱喻 of highways and frontiers and to think instead of real estate . real estate ,remember ,is an intellectual ,legal ,artificial environment constructed on top of land. real estate recognizes the difference between parkland and shopping mall ,between red-li

8、ght zone and school district ,between church ,state and drugstore . in the same way , you could think of cyberspace as a giant and unbounded world of virtual real estate .some property is privatedly owned and rented out ; other property is common land ; some places are suitable for children , and ot

9、hers are best avoided by all citizens . unfortunately ,it's those places that are now capturing the popular imagination ,plaecs that offer bombmaking instructions ,pornography, advice on how to steal credit cards .they make cyberspace sound like a nasty place . good citizens jump to a conclusion

10、 : better regulate it . but before using regulations to counter indecency ,it is fundamental to interpret the nature of cyberspace . cyberspace isn't a frontier where wicked people can grab unsuspecting children ,nor is it a giant television system that can beam offensive messages at unwilling v

11、iewers . in this kind of real estate ,users have to choose where thy visit ,what they see ,what they do .it's optiona .in other words,cyberspace is a voluntary destination -in reality ,many destinations .you don't just get "onto the net" ;you have to go someplace in particular . th

12、at means that people can choose where to go and what to see .yes , community standards should be enforced ,but those standards set by cyberspace communities themselves ,not by the courts or by politicians in washington . what makes cyberspace so alluring is precisely the way in which it's differ

13、ent from shopping malls , television ,highways and other terrestrial jurisdictions.but let's define the territor: first ,there are private e-malil conversations ,similar to the conversations you have over the teleophone .these are private and consensualand require no regulation at all . second ,

14、 there are information and entertainment services , wehre people can download anytihing from legal texts and lists of "great new restaurants " to game software or dirty pictures . these places are like bookstores ,malls and movie houses -places whre you go to buy something .the customer ne

15、eds to request an item or sign up for a subscription; stuff (especially pornography ) is not sent out to people who don't ask for it .some of these services are free or included as part of a broader service like computerserve or america online ; others charge may and may bill their customers dir

16、ectly .third ,there are "real" communities -groups of people who communicate among themselves . in real-estate terms ,they're like bars or restaurants or bathhouses . each active participate contributes to a general conversation ,generally through posted messages . other participant ma

17、y simply listen or watch some services are supervised by a moderator ; others are more like bulletin boards -anyone is free to post anything .many of these services started out unmoderated but are now imposing rules to keep out unwanted advertising ,extraneous discussions or increasingly rude partic

18、ipants . cyberspace communitis evolve just the way terrestrial ommunities do : people with like-minded interests band together . every cyberspace community has its own character . overall , the communities on compuserve tend t be more professsional ; those on americaonline , affluent young singles ;

19、prodigy family-oriented itself there are lots of passionate non-commercial discussion groups on topics ranging from hungarian politics (hungary online ) copyright law . what's unique about cyberspace is that it allows communities of any size and kind to flourish ; in cyberspace ,communities are

20、chosen by the users , not forced on them by accidents of geography . this freedom gives the rules that precise in cyberspace a moral authority that rules in terrestrial environments don't have . most people are stuck in the country of their birth, but if you don't like the rules of a given c

21、yberspace community ,they can restrict their children's access to it .what's likely to happen in cyberspace is the formation of new communities ,free of the constraits that cause conflict on earth . instead of a global village ,which is a nice dream but impossible to manage , we'll hae i

22、nvented another world of self-contained communities that cater to their own members' inclinations without interfering with anyoneelse's the possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand .in cyberpace ,we'll be able to test and evolve rules governing wht needs to b

23、e governed -intellectual property ,content and access control , rules about privacy and free speech .some communities will allow anyone in ;others will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another .those communites that prove self-sustaining will prosper (and perhaps grow and split

24、 into subsets wiht ever-more-particular interests and identities ) those that can't survive -either because people lose interest or get scared off -will simply wither away .in the near future ,explorers in cyberspace will need to get better at defining and identifying their communities . they wi

25、ll need to put in place -and accept -their own local governments apart from terrestrial governments ,just as the owners of expensive real estatet often have their own security guards though they can call in the police to get ride of undesirable customers . then what shoul be done about undesirable m

26、aterial in cyberspace ? what to do ,for instance ,about pornography . the answer is labeling ,besides banning ,questionable material .it makes sense for cyberspace participants themselves to agree on a scheme for uestionable items ,so that people or automatic filters can avoid them . it's easy e

27、nough for software manufacturers to build an automatioc filter that would prevent you or your child from ever seeing the undesired item on a menu . (it's as if all the items were wrapped , with labels on the wrapper.)someone who posted pornographic material under the title "kid-fun" co

28、uld be sued for mislabeling .without a lot of fanfare , private enterprises and local groups are already producing a variety of labeling services ,along with kid-oriented sites like kidlink and kid's space .people differ in their tastes and values and can find services on the net that suit them

29、in the same way they select books and magazines . or they can wonder freely if they prefer , making up their own itinerary .in the end , our society needs to grow up . growing up means understanding thtat there are no perfect answers , no all-purpose solutions , no government sanctioned safe havens

30、.we haven't created a perfect society on earth , and we won't have one in cyberspace either . but at least we can have individual choice and individual responsibility . 接converstion is seen as corss-cultural commuicayion allows us to understand the problem and forge solutuions without blamin

31、g either party.once the problem is understood,improvement comes naturally.wowen who feel abandoned and deprived when their husbands wont listen to or report daily news may be happy to deiscover their husbands trying to adapt once they understand the place of small talk in womens relationships.but if

32、 their husband dont adapt,the women may still be comforted that for men,this is not a failture of intimacy.accepting the difference,the wives may look to their friends or faminly for that kind of talk.and husbands who cant provide it shouldnt fell their wives have made unreasonable demands.some coup

33、les will still decide to divorce,but at least their decisions will be based on realistic expectations.unit 2 why is it so hard for men and women to talk i was addressing a small gathering in a suburban virginia living room - a women's group that had invited men to join them. throughout the eveni

34、ng, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes,while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. toward to end of the evening, i commented that women frequently complain that their husbands do not talk to them. this man quickly concurred. he gestured toward h

35、is wife and said, "she is the talker in our family." the room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "it is true," he explained. "when i come home from work i have nothing to say. if she did not keep the conversation going, we would spend the whole evening in

36、silence." this episode crystallizes the irony that although american men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. and this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage. sociologist catherine kohier riessman, who reported in her new book divorce talk that most

37、of the women she interviewed - but only a few of the men - give the lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. in my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having give up the chance for a career to accompany a husba

38、nd to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life. instead, they focused on communication:"he does not listen to me," "he does not talk to me." i found that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this ex

39、pectation of their wives. in short, the image that represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.linguistic battle between men and women h

40、ow can women and men have such different impressions of communication in marriage? why is there a widespread imbalance in their interests and expectations? in the april 1990 issue of american psychologist, stanford university's eleanor maccoby reports the results of her own and others' resea

41、rch showing that children's development is most influenced by the social structure of peer interaction. boys and girls tend to play with children of their own gender, and their sex-separate groups have different organizational structures and interactive norms. i believe that systematic differenc

42、es in childhood socialization make talk between women and men like cross-cultural communication. my research on men's and women's conversations uncovered patterns similar to those described for children's groups. for women, as for girls, intimacy is the fabric of the relationships, and t

43、alk is the thread from which is woven. little girls create and maintain friendships by exchanging secrets; similarly, women regard conversation as the cornerstone of friendship. so a woman expects her husband to be a new and improved version of a best friend. what is important is not the individual

44、subjects that are discussed but the sense of closeness, of a life shared, that emerges when people tell their thoughts, feelings, and impressions. bonds between boys can be as intense as girls', but they are based less on taking more on doing things together. since they do not assume talk is the

45、 cement that binds a relationship, men do not know what kind of talk women want, and they do not miss it when it is not there. boys' groups are larger, more inclusive, and more hierarchical, so boys must struggle to avoid the subordinate position in the group. this may play a role in women's

46、 complaints on men do not listen to them. often when women tell men,"you are not listening," and the men protest "i am", the men are right. the impression of not listening results from misalignments in the mechanics conversation. this misalignments begins as soon as a man and a w

47、oman take physical position. when i studied videotapes made by psychologist bruce dorval of children and adults talking to their same-sex best friends, i found at every age, the girls and women faced each other directly, their eyes anchored on each other's faces. at every age, the boys and men s

48、at at angles to each other and looked elsewhere in the room, periodically glancing at each other. but the tendency of men to face away can give women the impression they are not listening even when they are. a young woman in college was frustrated: whenever she told her boyfriend she wanted to talk

49、to him, he would lie down on the floor, close his eyes, and put his arms over his face. this signaled to her, "he is taking a nap." but he insisted he was listening extra hard. normally, he looks around the room, so he is easily distracted. lying down and covering his eyes helped him conce

50、ntrate on what she was saying. switching topics is another habit that gives women the impression men are not listening, especially if they switch to a topic about themselves. the girls in my study tended to talk at length about one topic, but boys tended to jump from topic to topic. my study of the

51、10th-grade children found that when a girl told a friend about a problem, the friend responded by asking probing questions and expression agreement and understanding. but the boys dismissed each other's problems. todd assured richard that his drinking was "no big problem". and when tod

52、d said he felt left out, richard responded,"why should you? you know more people than me." women perceived such responses as belittling and unsupportive. but boys seemed satisfied with them. whereas women reassured each other by implying, "you should not feel bad because i have had si

53、milar experiences," men do so by implying, "you should not feel bad because your problems are not so bad." there are even simpler reasons for women's impression that men do not listen. linguist lynette hirschman found that women make more listener-noise, such as "mhm", &

54、quot;uhuh", and "yeah", to show "i am with you". men, she found, more often give silent attention. women who expect a stream of listener-noise interpret silent attention as no attention at all. women's conversational habits are as frustrating to men as men's are to w

55、omen. men who expect silent attention interpret a stream of listener-noise as overreaction or impatience. also, when women talk to each other in a close, comfortable setting, they often overlap, finish each other's sentences and anticipate what the other is about to say. this practice, which i c

56、all "participatory listenership", is often perceived by men as interruption, intrusion and lack of attention. a parallel difference caused a man to complain about his wife, "she just want to talk about her own point of view. if i show her another view, she gets mad at me." when m

57、ost women talk to each other, they assume a conversationalist's job is to express agreement and support. but many men see their conversational duty as pointing out the other side of an argument. this is heard as disloyalty by women, and refusal to offer the requisite support. it is not that wome

58、n do not want to see other points of view, but that they prefer them phrased as suggestions and inquires rather than as direct challenges.the sounds of silence these differences begin to clarify why women and men have such different expectations about communication in marriage. for women, talk creat

59、es intimacy. marriage is an orgy of closeness: you can tell your feelings and thoughts, and still be loved. their greatest fear is being pushed away. but men live in a hierarchical world, where talk maintains independence and status. they are on guard to protect themselves from bing put down and pus

60、hed around. this explains the paradox of the talkative man who said of his silent wife, "she is the talker." in the public setting, he felt challenged to show his intelligence and display his understanding. but at home, where he has nothing to prove and no one to defend against, he is free to remain silent. for his wife, being home means she is free from the worry that something she says might offend someone, or spark disagreement, or appear to be showing off; at home she is free to talk. the communica