畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯-地震帶民用建筑由磚混向框架發(fā)展的必要趨勢

1、seismic zone to the framework of the civil from the brick necessary for the development trendabstract earthquakes are inevitable natural disasters,but the choice of building structures which can effectively reduce the losses caused by the current seismic zone in construction, particularly in economi

2、cally underdeveloped areas of the building.mostly brick building structure, but its poor ability to contribute to the seismic earthquake's power and prestige, while the frame structure in the earthquake's strength is especially evident, although the price higher, but with the masonry structu

3、re.compared to more cost effective. as more seismic capacity frame - shear wall structure, its high price and low popularity is difficult to build large-scale.【key words j masonry; framework; choice; costchina is located in the world's two most active seismic zones in the middle on the east paci

4、fic seismic belt, west and southwest is the eurasian seismic zone after areas, is one of many earthquakes in the world, for we must strengthen the earthquake research and prevention. damage caused by the earthquake in theory, three main factors: the level of the ground motion acceleration, resonance

5、, and energy of inclusiveness. in fact, the earthquake itself is difficult to pose a threat to the safety of human life, most casualties are affected by the earthquake which caused the collapse or destruction of buildings, usually accounting for 95% casualties in the earthquake. only less than 5% of

6、 casualties directly caused by the earthquake and the earthquake floods, landslides cause secondary disasters such as, but not seismic retrofit measures for concrete structure (walls plus not rachefs precast concrete floor) caused disaster is particularly tragic.1< housing a number of reasons for

7、 the collapsehouses collapsed in the earthquake, so many casualties so heavy, what the problem is where? one view is that: since the earthquake strength, housing guard, the design did not strictly enforce the standards, plus there are some jerry-building phenomenon. for this reason man is undeniable

8、, it is the administrative mechanism and the building construction behavior of the loophole is people own issues. another view, less developed wenchuan area, building houses and more traditional brick-based, and fell into disrepair, has been unable to cope with more than magnitude 7 earthquake, in f

9、act, a large number of brick and concrete structure building collapsed, causing heavy casualties phenomenon, already on the 1976 tangshan earthquake occurred. this view from the building itself be analyzed structure, we need to deal with earthquake science, the structural seismic performance serious

10、ly strengthen and maintain the building is not down, come to minimize casualties, at least not as it is now present in people before such terror. overseas chinese affairs department in sichuan province is located in the hardest hit of 69 hoverseas heart school/1 the survey found. 41 damaged schools,

11、 including severely damaged 18 of 23 slightly damaged, none of the overseas chinese schools collapsed heart. according to experts in emergency assessment of back stress, all brick structure for the casting slab and add columns and by formal design and the quality of the good did not collapse, much l

12、ess steel frame structure and a. seismic structure is the last line of defense, this view of the structure of choice for building seismic performance of unusual.2. earthquake with the choice of structureearthquake collapsed houses, brick and concrete structure accounts for most of the first analysis

13、 of the masonry structure. brick-concrete structure is a hybrid structure, with brick walls to load, due to the construction, low construction costs because, for decades has been the traditional form of chinese civil, more suitable for deep bay into a small housing area is small, multi- or low-rise

14、buildings. good compression performance is one big advantage, but also highlight its shortcomings: since the major, low intensity, so that masonry structures subject to earthquake forces is relatively increased; stoves, heavy, and basic use of artificial masonry, large amount of labor, inefficiency;

15、 clay amount of large, often occupying farmland, affecting agricultural production; as mortar and brick, block the cohesive force between the poor unreinforced tensile, bending and shear strength is low, seismic and crack resistance of poor construction quality and difficult to control, it is easy t

16、o structural damage, a rigid structure, this earthquake-prone areas should be used with caution such structures. the brick structure has the following damage of housing characteristics: (1) wall damage, the level of earthquake to masonry shear walls in bending. when the direction and level of seismi

17、c cross-section parallel to the wall for high aspect ratio close to 1, wall to shear deformation of the main; and vertical shear stress in the joint action, the principal tensile stress beyond the masonry wall strength, wall inclined cracks appeared; repeated the role of the earthquake, the two cros

18、s into direction of x-shaped diagonal crack; comparison of height to width when the wall for hours, then in the middle of a horizontal wall cracks. (2) vertical and horizontal wall joints damaged. vertical and horizontal wall joints are a weak link in masonry, earthquake interaction between vertical

19、 and horizontal walls, cracks in the transition out of, resulting in vertical wall outward tilt or collapse. (3) to highlight a subsidiary of the roof structural damage. prominent roof between the roof, parapets and other ancillary structures, due to earthquakes, "whip-side effect11 effect, the

20、 horizontal displacement is large, and the structure of the lack of a reliable connection, often collapsed damage.damage statistics show that in the strong earthquake, the multi-storey masonry wall is mainly connected with the destruction of components, and housing-storey big, thick layers, a relati

21、vely more serious damage. the structure of housing limited to masonry materials due to their characteristics (poor ductility), coupled with structural integrity is relatively poor, under the earthquake prone to cracking, damage or even collapse phenomenon. previous earthquakes has proven this earthq

22、uake is a costly show!the frame structure, it is by the beams and columns, of three components based on the common load-bearing, frame by the beam and floor structure connected together into a whole, only for filling wall partitions, not force, so the room layout flexibility and size of windows and

23、doors shape a more free, more than 7 degrees for the large seismic structure and spatial structure. lateral stiffness of the frame structure, the structure is flexible, lateral displacement and horizontal loads, the shear deformation curve. through rational design, the frame structure to withstand l

24、arge deformation, and can effectively absorb the seismic energy consumption, but excessive levels can cause the deformation of non-structural components damaged, it should be controlled deformation in a certain range. in the earthquake, seismic deformation of the structure through the accumulation o

25、f energy (deformation energy) increases, deformation and stress is directly proportional, if the limit strength, structure will be destroyed, for the brittle masonry structure, not easily deformed to absorb the energy, intensity is small, the most easy to destroy, in turn, frames the natural cycle o

26、f 0.5 seconds, but also elastic shaping, and can build up some energy, so easy to destroy. one typical example is the cover of the last century the mill in tangshan 76 years ago, as a framework for applying the design drawings in urumqi, 8 degree earthquake, earthquake of 11 degrees are not damaged.

27、another good structure is frame structure, it is the frame structure and wall combination of the two systems, drawing on their strengths, shear deformation is curved, with good lateral load resistance, with more boxes in terms of seismic shear structure, stability, housing and so on toughness than o

28、n concrete structure and frame structure, in the earthquake, housing frames and shear walls to become htwo lines of defense11 system to increase the structural stiffness and strength is a flexible structure.3. framework for seismic design issues needing attentionfirst, the earthquake seismic zone fr

29、ame cast frame structure to give priority, followed by the assembly of the whole frame structural system, rarely used fabricated, either pre-cast frame or frame should be as far as possible hstrong column and weak beam strong shear weak bending, extreme pressure weak pull, strong weak nodes building

30、 blocks "of seismic design criteria, so that frame is a reasonable mechanism for earthquake damage lateral beam hinge mechanism to regulate the objectives of the framework for crack fortification requirements. when you press a seismic design, concrete strength should not be cast frame than c30;

31、 by two to four design no less than c20. second, the seismic frame column section size should meet the standard requirements of the axial compression ratio, which is affecting the form of columns and deformation damage an important factor. furthermore, the seismic check the floor and when the differ

32、ent layout (overall) to decide the use of rigid, rigid, flexible theory. aseismicity should pay special attention site classification. 8 degrees over five layer conditions, try to add walls, can greatly improve the seismic performance. frame should be designed to accept two-way system in rigid, but

33、also allows some of the frame beam frame resting on the other beam. should strengthen the role of vertical seismic design, from the damage analysis, specification given vertical earthquake is obviously inadequate.4. brick to the framework of the trendarchitecture is designed for the survival of man&

34、#39;s refuge, which is human has been construction techniques do not present a perfectly justified reason, and now we are in wenchuan earthquake see is the construction of the house with his capture their lives, jian zhu life has become a killer. in fact, according to the relevant provisions in many

35、 major cities, from 2000 they were no longer yunxushiyong brick and concrete structure design, and this is also a measure to improve earthquake jibie, but in fact there are many lashi this policy, especially as it wenchuan species has little place unknown, this we have to seismic zone in the country

36、, especially from the brick buildings and other structural changes to the framework of more effort on the. so now let's imagine, if they use a frame building in wenchuan, designed by 7 degrees, such as to reach 9 degrees, has just reached the edge of destruction. if the actual quake was 10 degre

37、es, although more than ultimate strength, but structural cracks, the stiffness decreases rapidly soften the structure, resonance no longer exists, the earthquake force is also smaller. and yield strength for steel, after more than there is ductility, although the broken concrete, the saying goes, a

38、broken bone still attached tendon, the structure has not completely collapsed, plus ring beam, structural support columns, damage extended, as long as not sleeping at night, there should be some room for shelter and leaving valuable escape time, then the earthquake in the number of our compatriots w

39、ill not go away.t reference1 chen cuirong. on the seismic design of attention j. shanxi construction 2007,33 (3):44-45.2 tang kau. seismic resistance of reinforced concrete m. nanjing: nanjing university press, 1989.3 united states taiwan grams of moscow. building structures: analysis and design and

40、 application m. tsinghua university press, 2005.地震帶民用建筑由磚混向框架發(fā)展的必要趨勢【摘要】地震是不可避免的白然災害，但建筑結構的選擇可以有效的減少它帶來 的損失，目前地震帶民用建筑，尤其經濟不發(fā)達地區(qū)的建筑結構多為磚混結構，其較差的抗震能力反而助長了地震的威風，而框架結構在 地震中的優(yōu)勢就顯得尤為明顯，價格雖然高些，但與磚混結構相比，性價比更高。至于抗震能力更強的框架一剪力墻結構等，其過高的價格和 過低的普及度很難大范圍建設。【關鍵詞】磚混；框架；選擇；性價比我國地處世界上兩個最活躍的地震帶中間，東瀕環(huán)太平洋地震帶，西部和西 南部是歐亞地震

41、帶經過的地區(qū)，是世界上多地震國家之一，為此我們必須加強地 震研究和預防工作。在理論上造成地震破壞的3個主要因素是：地而水平運動加 速、共振及能量的包容性。其實地震本身很難對人的生命安全構成威脅，絕大多 數人員傷亡是受地震影響而倒塌或破壞的建筑造成的，通常，占地震傷亡人數的 95%。僅有不足5%的人員傷亡是直接由地震及地震引發(fā)的水災、山體滑坡等次 生災害導致的，而沒有抗震加同措施的磚混結構（磚墻加未拉結的預制混凝土樓 板）造成的災難尤為慘烈。1房屋倒塌眾多的原因在大地震中房屋倒塌如此之多，人員傷亡如此慘重，究竟問題出在何處？ 一 種觀點是：由于地震強度大，房屋建設疏于防范，設計上沒有嚴格執(zhí)行標準

42、，再 加上存在一定的偷工減料現象。對于這一點，是不可否認的人為原因，它是行政 管理機制和建設施工行為方而的漏洞，是人自身方而的原因。另一種觀點認為， 汶川地區(qū)欠發(fā)達，建筑房屋多以傳統(tǒng)的磚混結構為主，且年久失修，已無法應對 7級以上的地震，其實磚混結構房屋大量倒塌，并造成慘重人員傷亡的現象，早 已在1976年唐山大地震上出現過。這一種觀點從建筑本身結構上予以分析，需 要我們科學對待地震，在結構抗震性能上認真加強，保持建筑物不倒，來最大限 度的減少人員傷亡，至少不會像現在呈現在人們而前的如此恐怖。在四川省僑務 部門對地處重災區(qū)的69所“僑心學校叩勺調查屮發(fā)現。受損學校41所，其中嚴重 受損18所輕

43、微受損23所，上述僑心學校無一坍塌。據應急評估專家回來講， 凡是磚混結構為現澆樓板并加構造柱的且按正規(guī)設計并把好質量關的均沒有倒 塌，更別說框架結構和鋼結構了。結構已是抗震的最后一道防線，由此來看結構 的選擇對于建筑物抗震性能的影響非同一般。2 地震帶結構的選擇地震倒塌的房屋中，磚混結構的占絕大部分，先分析一下磚混結構。磚混結 構是混合結構的一種，采用磚墻來承重，由于施工方面，建筑造價低等原因，兒 十年來一直是我國民用建筑的傳統(tǒng)形式，比較適合開間進深小，房屋面積小，多 層或低層的建筑?？箟盒阅芎檬瞧湟淮髢?yōu)點，但其缺點同樣突出：自重大，強度 低，使砌體結構承受的地震力也相對增大；砌筑工程繁重，基

44、本采用人工方式砌 筑，勞動量大，效率低下；黏土用量大，往往占用農田，影響農業(yè)生產；由于砌 筑砂漿和磚石、砌塊間的粘結力差，無筋砌體的抗拉、抗彎及抗剪強度低，抗震 及抗裂性能差且施工質量難控制，很容易對結構破壞，是剛性結構，為此地震多 發(fā)區(qū)應慎用這種建筑結構。對于磚混結構的房屋有以下幾個震害特征：(1)墻體 破壞，水平地震作用使砌體房屋中的墻體受剪受彎。當與水平地震作用方向平行 的墻肢截面高寬比接近1時，墻體以剪切變形為主；在剪力和豎向壓力共同作用 下，墻內主拉應力超出砌體強度，墻體出現斜裂縫；由于地震的反復作用，兩方 向斜裂縫交叉成x形；當墻肢高寬比較小時，則在墻體中間部位出現水平裂縫。(2)

45、縱橫墻連接處破壞?？v橫墻連接處是砌體房屋的一個薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，地震時縱 橫墻相互作用，在交接出產生裂縫，導致縱墻向外傾斜或倒塌。(3)突出屋面的 附屬結構破壞。突出屋面的房頂間、女兒墻等附屬結構，由于地震時的“鞭端效 應”影響，水平位移比較大，與結構缺乏可靠連接時，常發(fā)生倒塌破壞。震害統(tǒng)計表明，在強烈的地震作用下，多層砌體房屋主要是墻身與構件的連 接破壞，且房屋層高大，層數多，震害相對越嚴重。該結構房屋因限于砌體材料 本身的特性(延性差)，加上結構整體性也比較差，在地震作用下極易出現開裂、 破壞甚至倒塌現象。歷次地震己經證明了這一點，汶川地震乂是一次代價慘重的 證明！至于框架結構，它是由梁、柱、基礎

46、三種構件共同承重，框架間由連系梁和 樓面結構連成整體，墻體僅作填充隔斷，不受力，所以房間布置靈活，門窗大小 形狀較自由，多用于7度以上抗震結構和大空間結構?？蚣芙Y構的側向剛度較小, 屬于柔性結構，側向位移大，在水平荷載作用下，變形曲線為剪切型。通過合理 設計，框架結構能承受較大變形，并能有效吸收消耗地震能量，但過大層間變形 會引起非結構構件破壞，故變形應控制在一定范圍。在地震屮，地震力使結構通 過變形而積聚的能量（變形能）越來越大，變形與應力是成正比例的，如果達到 極限強度，結構就會破壞，對于脆性的磚混結構，不易變形從而吸收了能量，強 度也小，最容易破壞，反過來框架結構的自振周期在0.5秒以上

47、，又是彈塑形的, 可以積聚一定的能量，所以不易破壞。一個典型的例子是上世紀76年前唐山蓋 的面粉廠，由于套用了烏魯木齊市的框架設計圖紙，8度防震，在11度強烈地 震也未破壞。另一種比較好的結構就是框剪結構，它是框架結構和剪力墻兩種體系的結 合，吸取了各自的長處，其變形是剪彎型，具有良好的抗側力性能，相比較框剪 結構無論從抗震、穩(wěn)定性、房屋堅韌性上等都優(yōu)于磚混結構和框架結構，在地震 屮，框架和剪力墻成為房屋的“兩道防線”，增加了結構體系的剛度和強度，是個 柔性結構。3. 框架抗震設計時應注意的幾個問題首先，抗震地震帶框架結構優(yōu)先考慮現澆框架結構體系，其次是裝配整體式 框架結構體系，很少采用裝配式

48、，無論是現澆框架式還是預制框架式，均應盡量 符合“強柱弱梁，強剪弱彎，強壓弱拉，強節(jié)點弱構件叩勺抗震設計準則，使框架 結構具有合理抗震破壞機制梁較側移機制，達到規(guī)范對框架抗裂設防的目 標要求。當按一級抗震設計時，現澆框架混凝土強度等級不宜低于c30；按二 四級設計時不低于c20。其次，抗震框架柱截面尺寸應滿足規(guī)范對軸壓比限值要 求，它是影響框架柱破壞形式和變形能力的重要因素。再者，抗震驗算時不同的 樓蓋及布置（整體性）決定了采用剛性、剛柔、柔性理論計算?？拐痱炈銜r應特別 注意場地土類別。8度超過5層有條件時，盡量加剪力墻，可大大改善結構的抗 震性能。框架結構應設計成雙向梁柱剛接體系，但也允許部

49、分的框架梁搭在另一 框架梁上。應加強垂直地震作用的設計，從震害分析，規(guī)范給出的垂直地震作用 明顯不足。4. 磚混向框架發(fā)展的趨勢建筑是為人設計的為生存的庇護場所，這是人類有建造技術以來不用說明的 天經地義的道理,而現在，我們在汶川特大地震中看到的是，用自己建造的房子奪 取自己的生命，建筑卻成為生命的殺手。其實在許多大城市根據相關規(guī)定，從 2000年以后就不再允許使用磚混結構設計了，這也是提高防震級別的一種措施, 但事實上有多少地方落實了這一政策，尤其像汶川這種曾名不見經傳的小地方， 為此我們要在全國尤其是地震帶的建筑由磚混向框架等結構轉變上多下些力氣。 那么現在我們來設想一下，如果汶川建筑大多

50、采用框架結構，按7度設計，如達 到9度，也剛達到破壞邊緣。如實際地震是10度，雖然超過了極限強度，但當 結構有裂縫后，剛度迅速降低，結構變軟，共振不復存在，地震力也變小了。且 因鋼筋在超過屈服強度后還有延性，混凝土雖斷，俗話說斷了骨頭還連著筋，結 構還不會完全垮塌，再加上圈梁、構造柱的支持，破損時間延長，只要不是熟睡 的夜晚，應該有一定的空間避難和留出寶貴的逃生時間，那么汶川地震中會有多 少同胞不會離我們遠去。【參考文獻】1 陳翠榮關于工程抗震設計中應注意的問題j 山西建筑 2007,33(3):44-45.2 唐九如.鋼筋混凝土框架節(jié)點抗震m.南京:南京大學出版社,1989.1美斯科臺克建筑結構：分析方法及其設計應用m.清華大學出版 社,2005五分鐘搞定5000字畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯，你想要的工具都在這里!在科研過程中閱讀翻譯外文文獻是一個非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)，許多領 域高水平的文獻都是外文文獻，借鑒一些外文文獻翻譯的經驗是非常 必要的。由于特殊原因我翻譯外文文獻的機會比較多，慢慢地就發(fā)現 了外文文獻翻譯過程中的-:大利器：google“翻譯,瀕道、金山詞霸(完 整版本)和cnk廣翻譯助手”。具體操作過程如下：1 先打開金山詞霸自動取詞功能，然后閱讀文獻；2遇到無法理解的長句時，可以交給google處理，處理后的結 果猛一看，不堪入目，可是經過大腦的再處理后句子的意思基本