名詞從句(unit two Grammar)

1、在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句 (Noun Clauses）。 名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。1 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類： 連接詞：that,whether,if 不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分） 連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 連接副詞：when, where, how, why 不可省略的連詞：1. 介詞后的連詞2. 引導(dǎo)主語從句和同位語

2、從句的連詞不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比較：whether與if 均為"是否"的意思。 但在下列情況下，whether 不能被if 取代：1. whether引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首2. 引導(dǎo)表語從句3. whether從句作介詞賓語4. 從句后有"or not" Whether he will come is not clear.一主語從句 主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代

3、替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強調(diào)句的比較 It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強調(diào)，無論強調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調(diào)部分指人時也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is Joh

4、n that broke the window. 2. 用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu) 用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系： a. It + be +形容詞+ that-從句It is necessary that 有必要It is important that 重要的是It is obvious that 很明顯 b. It + be + -ed 分詞+ that-從句It is believed that人們相信It is known to all that從所周知It has been decided that 已決定 It is reported that 據(jù)報道 c.

5、 It + be +名詞+ that-從句It is common knowledge that 是常識It is a surprise that 令人驚奇的是It is a fact that 事實是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸 d. It +不及物動詞+ that-分句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起It seems that 似乎 3. 主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況 (1) if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 結(jié)

6、構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens, It occurs 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination oc

7、curred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. (wrong) (5) 含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening like

8、ly? (wrong) 4. What 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別 What 引導(dǎo)主語從句時在句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語賓語表語，而that 則不然。例如： 1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a consolation. 二賓語從句 賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞（及物動詞）或介詞之后。 1. 作動詞的賓語 (1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（that 通?？梢允÷裕?例如： I heard that be joined the army. (2) 由

9、what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，例如： 1) She did not know what had happened. 2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3) 動詞間接賓語賓語從句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation. 2. 作介詞的賓語 例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容詞的賓語 例如：I am afraid (

10、that) Ive made a mistake. That 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語： Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。 4. It 可以作為形式賓語 It 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語th

11、at 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. 5. 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞 這類動詞有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如： I admire their winning the match. (right) I admire

12、 that they won the match. (wrong) 6. 不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞 有些動詞不可用于“動詞間接賓語that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如： He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right) He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong) 7. 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移 若主句謂語

13、動詞為Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如： I dont think this dress fits you well.（我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。） 1) 將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。 I don't think I know you.我想我并不認(rèn)

14、識你。 I don' t believe he will come.我相信他不回來。注意：若謂語動詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。 I hope you weren't ill. 我想你沒有生病吧。2) 將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。 It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看來他們不知道往哪去。 It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣。3) 有時將動名詞，介詞短語或整個從

15、句的否定轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷χ^語動詞的否定。 I don't remember having ever seen such a man. 我記得從未見過這樣一個人。 (not否定動名詞短語 having) It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在這里，人們不會想到在街上會碰上陌生的人。(anyone 作主語，從句中的謂語動詞不能用否定形式。)4) 有時狀語或狀語從句中否定可以轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語動詞前。 The ant is not gathering this for

16、itself alone.(否定狀語)螞蟻不只是為自己采食。 He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because狀語) 他并不因亞里斯多德說過如何如何，就輕信此事。She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.(否定狀語many weeks)她結(jié)婚還不到幾個月，這個人的弟弟就看見她了，并對她的美貌著了迷。三表語從句

17、表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語連系動詞表語從句”?？梢越颖碚Z從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that?？墒÷浴Ａ硗?，常用的還有the reason is that 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2) This is why we cant get the support of the people 3) But the fact remai

18、ns that we are behind the other classes. 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四同位語從句 同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。 1. 同位語從句的功能 同位語從句對于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如： 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位語在句子中的位置 同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別 (1) 定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主