高一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納總結(jié)

1、點(diǎn)擊朗誦外語(yǔ)-需要啟用宏后才能使用朗誦功能 啟用方法:先啟用編輯,然后啟用宏內(nèi)容。2003版啟用方法如下:工具宏安全性低或中重啟文檔啟用宏1.定語(yǔ)從句的定義 用作定語(yǔ)的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。2.先行詞 被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。3.定語(yǔ)從句的位置 緊跟先行詞 名詞或代詞 之后。4.引導(dǎo)詞 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞 包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞 。1 關(guān)系代詞 that/who/whom/which/as2 關(guān)系副詞 when/where/why5.引導(dǎo)詞的位置 位于定語(yǔ)從句之前 先行詞之后 ?！綼s除外】6.引導(dǎo)詞的功能 作用1 連接先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句。2 在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分 關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) 關(guān)

2、系副詞充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ) 。7.定語(yǔ)從句的類型1 限定性定語(yǔ)從句 主句和定語(yǔ)從句之間無(wú)逗號(hào) 。 直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句The man who youre talking to is my friend. 由介詞+關(guān)系代詞 whom/which 引導(dǎo)The man to whom youre talking is my friend.I need a pen with which I can write a letter.#NAME?介詞的選用可根據(jù)從句中的相關(guān)詞組確定 該介詞通?？?以放在關(guān)系代詞之前 也可放在從句之尾。例如The man (who/whom/that I talked about a

3、t the meeting is from Beijing University.#NAME?The palace (which/that I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.2 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 主句和定語(yǔ)從句之間用逗號(hào)隔 開(kāi) 。 直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 由介詞+關(guān)系代詞 whom/which 引導(dǎo)。I live in a house far away from the city

4、, in front of which is a big tree.There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.This is the man to whom I gave the book. 由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名詞/代詞”(先行詞指人用whom,指物用which引導(dǎo)。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither,either等詞、數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或百分比與of wh

5、om或of which連用。He has five children, two of whom are abroad. (比較 He has five children, and two of them are abroad. We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.(比較 We have three books, but none of themis/are interesting.除why和that不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句外 其余引導(dǎo)詞 都可以 用法同限定性定語(yǔ)從句一樣。但要注意以下區(qū)別。1.在形式上非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句

6、有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。2.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的作用 它只是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明先行詞的情 況 翻譯時(shí)可譯成兩個(gè)句子。The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, wasquickly sent to hospital.那位工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院 其腿部受了重傷The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.那位腿部受了重傷的工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院3.在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中 任何引導(dǎo)詞都不能省略 包括 引導(dǎo)詞在此定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)在內(nèi) 。指人做主語(yǔ)時(shí)只能用who, 做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用whom;指物做主語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)都用w

7、hich; 關(guān)系副詞用when或where 也不能省略。The man, _ is sitting on the chair, is my father.The woman, _ I met yesterday, is my English teacher.The city, _ is far away, is very beautiful. He went to America, _ his parents live.He joined the Army yesterday, _ I left, too. 4.whose引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句The house, whose window fa

8、ces south, is mine. #NAME?The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.二.定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的基本用法。1.who/that指人是主格在定語(yǔ)從句中代替先行詞 又作定 語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ) 不能省略。Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?2.whom/who/that指人是賓格 在定語(yǔ)從句中代替先行詞 又作定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ) 動(dòng)賓或介賓 。 當(dāng)作動(dòng)賓 動(dòng)詞后接賓語(yǔ) 時(shí) 關(guān)系代詞可省略。 Do you know the gentleman (whom

9、/who/that we met just now? 當(dāng)作介賓 介詞后接賓語(yǔ) 時(shí)介詞不提前時(shí) 關(guān)系代詞可省略介詞提前時(shí) 關(guān)系代詞不可省 即介詞 whom(指人時(shí)介 詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用whom。The man (whom/who/that I spoke with is myteacher.The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.注 固定的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞+介詞 如look for, take care of等不能把動(dòng)詞與介詞拆開(kāi) 既介詞不能提至引導(dǎo)詞前。She is the right girl (who/whom/that we are looking

10、 for.3.whose: 指人或物 是所有格“?的”形式。Whose+n.一 起在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)賓或介賓 即先行詞的什么東西怎樣了 whose不能 省略。Whose+n. = the +n. + ofwhich/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.I didnt find the desk whose leg was broken. 主 語(yǔ)He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. 動(dòng)賓The boss in whose company I work is very kind. 介賓 4.which/t

11、hat 指物 指代先行詞且在定語(yǔ)從句中 作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) 動(dòng)賓或介賓 。 當(dāng)作動(dòng)賓時(shí) 關(guān)系代詞可省略。 當(dāng)作介賓時(shí)介詞不提前時(shí) 關(guān)系代詞可省略介詞提前時(shí) 關(guān)系代詞不可省 即介詞 which(指物時(shí)介 詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.The pen (which/that you found yesterday is mine. The games (that/which the young men competed in were difficult.The games in

12、which the young men competed were difficult.注:介詞+關(guān)系代詞即介詞+whom/which(先行詞指人用 whom 指物用which。5.as指人或物 在定語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)或 狀語(yǔ) 不能省略。主要用于 “thesame ?as? such ?as? so ?as? as ? as? asfollows”固定結(jié)構(gòu)中 形式固定此時(shí)的引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句。要用as代替who(m, which,或that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest. Such people as Hill

13、 knew thought he was honest. My hometown is no longer the same as it was.Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.The child knows as much as grow-ups (know.Id like to have the same books as are used in your school.He is not such a person as I expected.He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.注

14、 which和as可引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 可以指代主 句中的一部分或整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容 有時(shí)可以互換。因此 當(dāng)as/which指代前面的整個(gè)句子 或前句中的部分內(nèi)容作定語(yǔ)從句的 主語(yǔ)時(shí) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper.She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.He married her, as/which was natural.區(qū)別as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句前

15、面、插在主 句中間或放在主句末尾 而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句后面。He married her, as/which was natural.#NAME?Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all.#NAME?as引導(dǎo)的從句有“正如”、“正像”之意 而which則 無(wú)此意。常用句型有as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all k

16、now等。如As we all know, paper was first made in China.To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.主句和從句有因果關(guān)系時(shí) 用which.Our class has won the football match, which made us very happy.Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light.從句含否定意義時(shí)常用which. She didnt pass the exam, which we couldnt e

17、xpect.She didnt pass the exam, as we expected.6.when關(guān)系副詞 指時(shí)間。在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 不 能省略。此時(shí)的when還可用介詞#NAME?I still remember the time when I joined the League.I still remember the time on which I joined the League.I still remember the time (which/that I joined the League on.7.where關(guān)系副詞 指地點(diǎn)。在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) 不能省略。此時(shí)的

18、when還可用介詞+which替換 此時(shí)先行詞一定是表地點(diǎn)的名詞 。 I still remember the school where I joined the League.I still remember the school in which I joined the League.I still remember the school (which/that Ijoined the League in.注 對(duì)關(guān)系副詞when, where的認(rèn)識(shí)。. 先行詞是時(shí)間的名詞 并非都用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定 語(yǔ)從句。Ill never forget the time (which/that

19、I spent in Beijing. 先行詞是地點(diǎn)的名詞 并非都用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo) 定語(yǔ)從句。This is the factory (which/that he visited yesterday. 當(dāng)句型為It/This/That is(was the first(second?last time引起的句子時(shí)用that連接其后 的句子。此時(shí)的time是次數(shù) 不是時(shí)間。It/This is the first time that we travel.It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.8. why指原因 在定

20、語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ) 先行詞通常為 reason,不能省略。且why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只能是限定性定語(yǔ)從句。Why= for whichI dont know the reason why he was lateyesterday.The reason why(for which he was late is that he missed the bus.注 當(dāng)先行詞為reason時(shí) 關(guān)系副詞并非都用why。 This is the reason (that/ which he gave/explained to us.【判斷用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞】從句缺少的是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)還是狀語(yǔ)是確定用關(guān)系代詞還是

21、 關(guān)系副詞的關(guān)鍵。試比較I will never forget the day (which/that I spent in Hongkong.( spent是及物動(dòng)詞 后缺賓語(yǔ) 因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略 I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整 缺狀語(yǔ) 因此用關(guān)系副詞或介 詞加關(guān)系代詞The reason that/which he gave for not coming to school yesterday isnt believable.( gave是及物動(dòng)

22、詞 后缺賓語(yǔ) 因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略 The reason why he didnt come to school yesterday isnt believable.從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整 缺狀語(yǔ) 因此用關(guān)系副詞或介 詞加關(guān)系代詞三. 值得注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題第一. 當(dāng)先行詞是物時(shí) 關(guān)系代詞(that/which只用that 的情況。1.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。This is the best film that has been shown this year.This is the first book (that I borrow from the library.He is th

23、e first student that/who came to school today.2.當(dāng)先行詞為兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上分別指人和物的名詞時(shí)。 He talked about the teachers and the school (that he had visited.3.當(dāng)先行詞本身是all的 用that。(all that=what All that (what I want to say to you is “Thank you”.#NAME?Go over all that (what we learned.#NAME?4.先行詞為something, anything, noth

24、ing,everything, thing時(shí) 用that.Ill tell you anything (that I know.5.當(dāng)先行詞前有all, much, little, many, (a few, every, some, any, no, only, the very, one of, theonly, the last, the next等修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)。This is one of the books (that Im very interesting in. This is one of the books in which Im very interesting.This is

25、 the only book (that I read.He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.All the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor.6. 人 物 當(dāng)先行詞在以who或which開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn) 句中時(shí) 用that引導(dǎo)以避免混淆Who is the man that is talking with the lady? Which of you that know the answer can come to the front?7

26、.當(dāng)先行詞是在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí) 用thatHe likes the girl that she used to be.第二. 當(dāng)先行詞是物時(shí) 關(guān)系代詞(that/which只用 which的情況。1.作介賓且介詞置于引導(dǎo)詞之前時(shí)The room in which he lives is very large.2.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí) 主 賓都用which, 都不能 省略Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.The house, which I visited yesterday, i

27、s very large.3.which指整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容或部分內(nèi)容 引導(dǎo)非限定性定 語(yǔ)從句He always makes fun of me, which upsets me.第三. 其他特殊情況1.先行詞是these, those指人時(shí) 關(guān)系代詞只用who. Those who are playing over there are my students. 2.先行詞是人稱代詞(he, she?時(shí) 關(guān)系代詞只用who. He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.3.不定代詞someone, anyone, everyone, n

28、o one, somebody, anybody, everybody作先行詞時(shí) 關(guān)系代詞用who.Anybody who breaks the rules would be punished. 4.先行詞是the only one of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 在定語(yǔ) 從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí) 定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式 因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)的先行詞是the only one,而不是of 后的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.This is the only one of the books that isborrowed.

29、先行詞是one of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ) 時(shí) 定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)的先行詞是of 后的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),而不是oneThis is one of the students who are late.5.當(dāng)主句缺先行詞時(shí) 用the one 代替 但須注意 the one只能代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 如為不可數(shù)名詞時(shí) 指什么 用什么Is this school the one I visited yesterday?Is pop music the music he likes best?6. 當(dāng)先行詞是the way, 在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí) the way表 以?方式 方

30、法引導(dǎo)詞通常用that或省略 也可用in whichI dont like the way (that you speak.#NAME?=I dont like the way (which/that you speak in.【“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”十種情況】在定語(yǔ)從句中 介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)是一種較為復(fù)雜的問(wèn) 題。現(xiàn)就幾種常見(jiàn)的介詞+關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)淺析如下1 介詞+which在定語(yǔ)從句中分別作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀 語(yǔ) 代替相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞when, where和why。如 I still remember the day on which (when I first came to school.我

31、仍然記得初來(lái)學(xué) 校的那一天。The factory in which (=where I work is a large one.我工作的工廠是一個(gè)大工廠。This is the reason for which (=why he was late.這 就是他為什么遲到的原因。2 介詞+which 指物 / whom 指人 在定語(yǔ)從句中作 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) 表示存在關(guān)系 定語(yǔ)從句主謂一般要倒置。They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.他來(lái)到一處農(nóng)舍 前邊坐著一個(gè)小男孩。I saw a man, on the head

32、 of whom stood a bird.我看 見(jiàn)一個(gè)人 他的頭上站著一只鳥(niǎo)。3 介詞+ which 指物 / whom 指人 在定語(yǔ)從句中作 目的、方式或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞一般受動(dòng)詞或介詞后的名詞所制約。如 Could you tell me for whom youve bought this coat?你能告訴我這件衣服是給誰(shuí)買(mǎi)的嗎The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.這人是一位工程師 我是從他那里得到這消息的。4 介詞+which/whom 用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的定語(yǔ)從句中 作狀 語(yǔ) 說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的出發(fā)者。如The w

33、olf by which the sheep was killed was shot.傷 害羊的那只狼被打死了。The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是個(gè)好獵手。5 不定代詞+of+which/whom 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ) 說(shuō) 明整體中的部分 常用的不定代詞有 both, all, any, some, each, none, most等。如 There are a lot of books here, none of which belongs to me.這兒有許多書(shū) 可一本也不屬于我。 Yesterday Ma

34、ry bought a few clothes, all of which were expensive.昨天瑪麗買(mǎi)了一些衣服 他們都很貴。6 數(shù)詞+of+which/whom 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ) 說(shuō)明整 體與部分的關(guān)系。數(shù)詞可以是基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)。如In our class there are fifty-four students,twenty-five of whom are girls.我們班有54名學(xué)生 25人是女生。Two watches were stolen, one of which was mine.兩 只手表被偷了 其中一只是我的。7 名詞+of+which代

35、替whose+名詞 在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ) 。如I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves were black with disease.我看見(jiàn)一些樹(shù) 他 們的葉子因害病而發(fā)黑。I live in a house, the windows of which are all broken.我住在一所房子里 其窗都破了。8 介詞+ which 指物 / whose 指人 修飾后邊的名 詞。如 It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship was broken int

36、o pieces.雨下了 一天一夜 就在這期間輪船撞碎了。The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司機(jī)就是那個(gè)人 她從他的房間偷走地圖。9 形容詞最高級(jí)+of+which/whom結(jié)構(gòu) 在定語(yǔ)從句中 作定語(yǔ) 表部分關(guān)系。如China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中國(guó)有成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)島嶼 其中最 大的是臺(tái)灣島。In our class there are twenty girls, the cleverest of whom is

37、 Li Hua.我們班有20名女生 最聰明的是李華。10 介詞+which+不定式。此種用法多見(jiàn)于正式文體中 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如At last he had something about which to write home.他終于有了給家里寫(xiě)信的內(nèi)容了。He had no key with which to open the door.他沒(méi)有開(kāi) 門(mén)的鑰匙。He has a small room in which to live.【運(yùn)用定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題】1 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí) 定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞應(yīng)和先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。This is one of the b

38、ooks which were written by Mark Twain.這是馬克吐溫所寫(xiě)的書(shū)中的一本。先行詞是books 因此動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用were。2 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分 因 此要注意避免從句中句子成分的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。This is the most beautiful place that I havevisited it.This is the most beautiful place that I have visited. 這是我參觀過(guò)的最美的地方。 去掉it 因 that代替先行詞the most beautiful place在定語(yǔ)從句中作 visit的賓語(yǔ) 再加it就多余了。The school where I worked there is a big one. The school where I worked is a big one.我所工作過(guò) 的學(xué)校是一所大學(xué)校。 去掉there 因where既引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 又在從句中代替in the school作狀語(yǔ) 。3 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略。The books w