外貿(mào)英語寫作翻譯-

1、外貿(mào)英語寫作Lesson one1.International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries, it involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.國際貿(mào)易一般指不同國家的當(dāng)事人進行的交易,它涉及到許多因素,因而比國內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜的多2. With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies c

2、an completely stay away from international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.隨著經(jīng)濟一體化進程的發(fā)展,很少人和公司能完全獨立于國際商務(wù)之外而存在因此在此方面具有一定的知識是十分必要的這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個人的進步3. Other forms for participating in international business are managem

3、ent contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.其他參與國際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同承包生產(chǎn)和交鑰匙工程4. International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. Exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.國際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)即在一國生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進口到另一國進

4、行消費或轉(zhuǎn)售5. Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as mean of entering a foreign market.除了國際貿(mào)易和投資國際許可和特許經(jīng)營優(yōu)勢也是進入國外市場的一種方式Lesson two1.GDP and GNP are two important concepts used to indicate a country's total income. The difference between them is th

5、at GNP focuses on ownership of the factors of production while GDP concentrate the place where production take place.國民生產(chǎn)總值和國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國收入的兩個重要概念,區(qū)別在于前者強調(diào)生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán),而后者著重于進行生產(chǎn)的國家。2. In assessing the potential of a country as a market, people often look at per capita income.要評估某一市場的潛力人們往往要分析其收入3. Countr

6、ies of the world are divided into three categories of high income, middle-income and low-income economies.世界各國被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域高收入國家4. China with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle- income country thought it was a low income country just a few years ago.中國現(xiàn)在的年人均收入為1100美元以上但幾年前他還是個低收入國家5. So far

7、 as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India, these countries or regions either have rich consumers and offer good business opportunitie4s or are developing fast with very promising market potenti

8、al.就中國來說,周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場如亞洲四小虎東盟國家俄羅斯等國這些國家都具有前景看好的市場潛力能為中國提供很好的商機Lesson three1. The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.過去的幾十年,地區(qū)經(jīng)濟一體化越來越重要2. The most famous free trade area is North American Free Trade Agreement, the largest free market formed by

9、the United States, Canada, Mexico in 1991.最著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)它是由美國加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的3. The member of an economic union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, but also use the same currency.經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟的成員國不僅要在稅收政府開支企業(yè)策略等方面保持一致而且還應(yīng)實用統(tǒng)一的貨幣4. The European comm

10、ission is a full-fledged entity.歐洲委員會是歐盟的管理機構(gòu)之一5. Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation was set up at the Ministerial meeting held in the Australia.APEC建立于在澳大利亞的一次部長級會議上Lesson four1. Economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile mak

11、ing the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive.經(jīng)濟全球化為世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展提供了新的動力和機會同時也使各經(jīng)濟體相互依賴相互影響2. Multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns, controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country.跨國公司是在一個以上國家擁有控

12、制和經(jīng)營資產(chǎn)的商業(yè)組織3. While many people are acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization, there are also loud voices of opposition.許多人歡呼全球經(jīng)濟化帶來的好處但同時也有強烈的反對聲音4. The transfer of the intra- MNE transactions constitutes a very significant proportion of total international trade.跨國公司的內(nèi)部交換占整個國

13、際貿(mào)易的一個很大的比例5. Although the day-to-day running of corporate operations maybe decentralized to the affiliate, the major decisions, such as those on corporate goals, new investments and their location, are made by the parent company.盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國企業(yè)的子公司但重要決策如有關(guān)公司目標(biāo)和新投資等都有母公司來決定6. But like it or not,

14、economic globalization has become and objective trend in world economic development.無論認識是否喜歡經(jīng)濟全球化已成為世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中的一個客觀趨勢Lesson five1. In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient.在復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟世界中沒有一個國家能完全自給自足2. With the development of manufacture and technology, there arose anothe

15、r incentive for trade, international specialization.隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展出現(xiàn)了另一個刺激貿(mào)易的因素即國際專業(yè)化3. According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade partners can be benefit from trade.按照比較利益學(xué)說兩個貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處4. Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular advantage

16、through its own action.比較利益并不是一個靜止的概念一個國家可以通過自己的行動發(fā)展某種特定的比較利益5. The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.比較利益理論已成為現(xiàn)代國際貿(mào)易思想的基石Lesson six1. The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.一件商品的成本會因生產(chǎn)成本的擴大而減少2. In

17、reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous.在實際中即使完全的專業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟上有利也可能永遠不會發(fā)生3. Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non- traffic barriers.配額或者說數(shù)量限制是最常見的關(guān)稅壁壘4. The visible trade is the import and export of goods, and the invi

18、sible trade is the exchange of services between countries.有形貿(mào)易指貨物的進出口貿(mào)易而無形貿(mào)易涉及的是國家間的勞務(wù)交換5. The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.國家從事的貿(mào)易種類是多樣的復(fù)雜的往往是有形貿(mào)易和無形貿(mào)易的混合Lesson seven1. Packing should be made according to the requirement of

19、transportation. In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination.包裝需按運輸?shù)囊筮M行在大多數(shù)情況下賣方明確知道把貨物安全的運到目的地所需要的包裝2. In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before the time of shipm

20、ent. Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.在許多情況下應(yīng)通知買房在賣方在貨物啟運之時或之前安排驗貨除非合同另有規(guī)定否則買房必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗貨費用3. The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by mens of negotiable shipping documen

21、ts which are very convenient for use.進口商可以通過可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運輸單據(jù)將貨物在運輸途中賣給新買方這類可轉(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù)用起來非常方便4. Under all terms, the respective obligation of the buyer and the seller are grouped under 10 headings.在所有條款中買賣雙方各自的義務(wù)排列在10項標(biāo)題下5. The 2000 revision of incoterms took accounts of the spread of customs-free zones, the incr

22、eased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices.2000年對國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則的修改考慮了無關(guān)稅區(qū)的發(fā)展商務(wù)活動中電子通訊使用的增加以及運輸方式的變化Lesson eight1. A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be forced to make compensation.合同依法實施未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起

23、訴并被強制作出賠償2. Oral business negotiations refer to face to face discussions or those conducted throughinternational trunk calls.口頭業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商指的是面對面的直接談判或通過國際長途電話進行的商談3. Enquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered, and are not binding on the inquirer.買方發(fā)出的詢盤是為了獲得擬定商品的有關(guān)信息他對

24、發(fā)出迅盤的人無約束力4. The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.有效期對于確盤是必不可少的在規(guī)定的時間之前或在被對方接受或拒絕之前確盤一直是有效的5. A counter offer is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter offer is made.還盤是

25、對發(fā)盤的拒絕一旦做出還盤原報盤即失效而失去約束力Lesson nine1. As counter trade often takes place in less developed economies in centrally planned economies, it is often related with policy objectives in these countries.對銷貿(mào)易一般是與有關(guān)國家的政策目標(biāo)相互聯(lián)系的如應(yīng)對外匯短缺和擴大出口之類的問題2. Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of a

26、ssorted kinds of goods and services.實質(zhì)上,反向貿(mào)易指的是各種貨物和服務(wù)的直接交換3. Another important differences is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase deal.回購貿(mào)易和互購貿(mào)易之間另一個重要的區(qū)別在于回購貿(mào)易一般比互購貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長一段時間4. In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unb

27、urdened, because of the use of money and the market.在正常的市場交易中由于使用貨幣及市場手段貨物的買與賣是分別進行的5. Despite all its advantages, counter trade can be very risky business.盡管有很多好處反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險很大的事6. Another modes of trade are processing trade, consignment, leasing trade, agency and so on.在其他貿(mào)易方式中還有加工貿(mào)易寄售租賃貿(mào)易代理等Lesson t

28、en1. In international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfill the contract.在國際貿(mào)易中進出口雙方都面臨風(fēng)險因為總存在對方不履行的可能2. Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade.為處理國

29、際貿(mào)易中的不同形勢各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來3. A lot of international transaction are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a bank or a customer to pay.許多國際交易是通過匯票支付的匯票是對銀行或顧客的支付命令4. Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.即期付款交單要求進口商立即付款以取得

30、單據(jù)5. So far as the exporter's interest is concerned D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sight, and D/P is more favorable than D/A.就出口商而言即期付款交單比遠期付款交單有利付款交單比承兌交單有利Lesson eleven1. In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with physical delivery of the goods.在國際貿(mào)易中幾乎

31、不可能使付款和實際交貨同時進行2. The method of payment by the letter of credit offers securities to both the seller and buyer.信用證付款方式對買賣雙方都提供保障3. Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the first world war.現(xiàn)代信用證在19世紀(jì)后半葉開始采用第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后得到了實質(zhì)性的發(fā)展4. Eith

32、er because the credit account is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit. 你要么因為信用證金額過大要么因為對開證銀行不完全信任出口商有時可能需要保兌的信用證5. letter of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations.信用證的形式長短語言和規(guī)定各不相同Lesson

33、 twelve1.letter of credit are classified inti different types according to their function, form, and mechanism.信用證按其作用形式和機制分作不同的種類2.Clean letter of credit are mainly used in non-trade settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade.光票信用證主要用于非貿(mào)易結(jié)算而在商品貿(mào)易中一般使用跟單信用證3.In the c

34、ase of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable shipping documents.在即期信用證情況下提示匯票和正確無誤的單據(jù)后便立即付款4.A usance credit obviously calls for a time draft, and the usance vaies from 30, 60, to as long as 180 days.遠期信用證顯然要使用遠期匯票付款期限可為30天60天甚至可長達90天5.A letter of cred

35、it is called tranferable if it can be transfered by its original beneficiary to one or more parties. The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary, and the party the credits is transfered to is called the second beneficiary.如果信用證可以由原受益人轉(zhuǎn)讓給另一個或幾個人那么這種信用證即為可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證原受益人稱作第一受益人接受轉(zhuǎn)讓的人稱作第二受益人6.Th

36、e letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions.對于一比具體交易來說信用證給不一定是最理想的付款方式締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況作出最好的選擇Lesson thirteen1. It is very important to use correct documents in i

37、nternational trade, otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.在國際貿(mào)易中使用正確的單據(jù)很重要否則進口商提貨時會遇到困難2. The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and total value of the goods.商業(yè)發(fā)票一般稱發(fā)票這種單據(jù)對貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量

38、以及單價和總價進行概括性描述3. It is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transaction.貨物在運輸過程中可能發(fā)生風(fēng)險損失需要辦理貨物保險4. An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.

39、已裝船提單表明貨物以實際裝上開往目的港的承運船只5. A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods.清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注Les

40、son fourteen1. There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive.毫無疑問一個沒有先進的運輸系統(tǒng)的社會仍然是一個落后的社會2. The methods differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are :water,

41、 rail, truck, pipeline and air.這些方式在運輸特點和性能方面不同從而使他們各有比較優(yōu)勢和劣勢5種運輸方式分別是水路鐵路公路管道和航空3. The past decades has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability.過去10年公司自己提供運輸能力的傾向越來越大4. As a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would be i

42、n a totally self- sufficient community.作為一個社會我們現(xiàn)在的生活比完全自給自足時更富裕更消閑5. Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just- in -time inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantitie

43、s of production inputs.最近幾年運輸功能引人注目的另一個因素就是越來越多的使用零庫存系統(tǒng)這種系統(tǒng)是以公司保持很少數(shù)量的生產(chǎn)投入的生產(chǎn)方式為基礎(chǔ)的Lesson fifteen1. Insurance is a risk transer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprises can shift the uncertainty of the shoulders of others.保險是一種風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移機制通過保險個人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人2. Even under the

44、se circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.即使是在這種情況下大多數(shù)公司寧可付出已知的費用即保險費來轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險而不愿面對不確定的風(fēng)險損失3. In the case of business enterpriss, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and

45、 the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or a car.對企業(yè)來說損失的價值要比個人高很多因此保險費也比一棟房子或一輛車高出許多4. The main stimulates to the enterprises is the release of the funds for investment in the production of other items.企業(yè)投保的主要刺激是他們可以騰出資金進行其他項目的投資5. Therefore, cargo insurance is an activit

46、y aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the underwriters.因此貨物保險是一種目的在于把風(fēng)險從進口商和出口商的肩上轉(zhuǎn)移到專門承擔(dān)風(fēng)險的保險人一方的活動Lesson sixteen1. An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and claim made uponit will not be entertained.沒有可保利益的保險合同是無效的而任何根據(jù)這類合同

47、提出的索賠都不會被受理2. Even though the mis-statement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable.盡管錯誤的陳述是無意的但保險人還是受到欺騙從而保險合同無效3. A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.將受損

48、失人的利益恢復(fù)到損害發(fā)生前的狀況的合同就是保險合同4. The compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the insurance premium, and an agreed percentage, say 10%.賠償金額一般包括發(fā)票金額加上運輸費用及保險費再加上一個商定的百分比如10%5. The insurance company will not entertain the claims if the risk covered is not the proximate cause

49、of the loss.如果投保的險別不是造成損失的直接原因保險公司將不予賠償Lesson seventeen1. Before the first world war, the gold standard create a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)以前金本位制建立了固定匯率制每個國家通過將本國貨幣與黃金掛鉤來確定其貨幣的評價3. The flexible exchange rete

50、system has never been clean float or free float, because the central bank takes various measures to intervene in the price of its currency in order to stabilize the exchange rate.彈性匯率制從沒有真正的干凈或自由的浮動過因為中央銀行為了穩(wěn)定匯率采取了各種措施對貨幣價格進行干涉4. Under specific conditions, high interest will attract short-term inter

51、national fund, increasing the exchange rete of one's own currency.在特定條件下提高利率可以吸引國外短期資金提高一國的外匯匯率5. There are three types of foreign exchange price today: the buying rate, the selling rate and the average of the previous two the medial rate.外匯匯率有三種形式買進匯率售出匯率和兩者的平均值中間匯率Lesson eighteen1. The common

52、objective of these institutions is to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries.這些機構(gòu)的共同目標(biāo)是通過把發(fā)達國家的資金輸送到發(fā)展中國家?guī)椭@些國家提高生活水平2. A substantial contribution to the IBRD's resources comes from its retained earnings and the f

53、low of repayments on its loans.國際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行的資金有相當(dāng)大一部分來自他的留存盈余以及償還貸款的不斷流入3. The loans of IBRD are directed toward developing countries at more more advanced stages of economic and social growth.該銀行的貸款是向處于經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展較高階段的發(fā)展中國家提供的4. The purpose of IMF is to provide medium term loans to those members with payme

54、nt difficulties.國際貨幣基金組織旨在向那些在付款方面有困難的基金會員國提供中期貸款5. To undertake this mission, MIG offers investors guarantees against noncommercial risks, advises developing member governments on policies and sponsors dialogues between the international business community and host governments on investment issues.

55、 為了承擔(dān)這項使命多邊投資擔(dān)保機構(gòu)向投資者提供擔(dān)保以防范非商業(yè)性風(fēng)險向發(fā)展中成員國政府提供咨詢并為國際商業(yè)界和東道國政府就投資問題安排對話Lesson nineteen1. Foreign direct investment is the major form of international investment, whereby residents of one country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.對外直接投資是國際投資的主要方式一國居民為

56、進行監(jiān)督和經(jīng)營通過對外投資獲取另一國的資產(chǎn)2. Controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in FDI. And lowering product costs is an important consideration.控制成本使一些企業(yè)進行對外投資的主要動機之一而降低生產(chǎn)成本是考慮的一個重要方面3. Operating directly abroad enhances the visibility of a firm's products, making local

57、 customers feel assured about the things they buy.直接在國外經(jīng)營提高一個公司產(chǎn)品的能見度使當(dāng)?shù)乜蛻魧λ鼈兯徺I的商品更加放心4. The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so ad to increase the efficiency of the operation.即使庫存管理系統(tǒng)的引進能最大限度的降低庫存從而提高經(jīng)營消費率5. FDI is mainly practiced in three fo

58、rms: building new enterprises, purchasing existing facilities and forming joint adventures. 國外直接投資有3種形式建立新企業(yè)購買現(xiàn)有設(shè)施和建立合資公司Lesson twenty1. Options are contracts giving the right to buy or sell a security at an agreed price within a particular period of time.選擇權(quán)是指在特定的時間內(nèi)按規(guī)定的價格購買或售出一種證券的權(quán)利2. The unliste

59、d securities market is to meet the needs of established, but smaller, less mature companies.未掛牌證券市場是為了滿足已經(jīng)確立了地位的,但是較小的,而且不太成熟的公司的需求而建立的3. One of the ways the government meets the public sector borrowing requirement is by selling gilt-edged stocks.政府滿足公共部門借貸需求的方法之一就是出售金邊證券4. The stock exchange has long served the needs of government, industry and investors in providing t