直接引語間接引語專講與專練

1、直接引語和間接引語【學(xué)習(xí)指南】直接引語就是直接地引用或復(fù)述別人的話，并放在引號內(nèi)。間接引語則是說話人用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述他人的原話，被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號內(nèi)。間接引語是說話者站在自己的角度進行轉(zhuǎn)述，因此，不同的直接引語要用不同的句式來進行轉(zhuǎn)述，且直接引語中的代詞、動詞的時態(tài)以及時間或地點狀語都要有相應(yīng)的變化，部分引述動詞有時也需做適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整。這些變化有一定的規(guī)則，但在具體運用時往往呈現(xiàn)復(fù)雜的情況。本章的學(xué)習(xí)重點是要掌握陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句等由直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語最基本的規(guī)則，特別是特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時的詞序變化、時態(tài)的前后呼應(yīng)以及規(guī)則以外的不同變化。準(zhǔn)確地進行直接引語和間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換

2、有助于我們準(zhǔn)確地進行交際。一、直接引語與間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換在將直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時，不僅句式上要有變化，而且要在時態(tài)、人稱、時間、地點等方面作相應(yīng)的變化。1、引語轉(zhuǎn)換時的句式變化不同的直接引語句式，如：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句，轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時要遵循一定的句式轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則，還要注意根據(jù)句意，使用適當(dāng)?shù)囊鰟釉~。（1）陳述句的間接引語【小帖士】間接引語中不用say to sb，要用tell sb來引述。將陳述句轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語，通常用 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句來表達。連詞 that 在不引起歧義的情況下可以省略。引述分句的動詞常見的有 say 和 tell 等。 He said, “I caug

3、ht a cold yesterday.” 他說：“我昨天感冒了?！盚e said (that he had caught a cold the day before. 他說他前天感冒了。Helen said to me, “Im tired of taking such exams.” 海倫說：“我討厭參加這種考試。”Helen told me (that she was tired of taking such exams. 海倫說她討厭參加這種考試?！军c津坊】在下列情況下，往往要保留that。 that 的省略會產(chǎn)生歧義。Linda said disappointedly that wh

4、en she arrived at the station, the train had already left.琳達很失望地說，她到達車站時火車已經(jīng)開走了。（如不用that，when狀語從句既可以理解為修飾said, 又可以理解為修飾had left） 當(dāng)引述動詞后面不止跟一個that引導(dǎo)的從句時，第二個that不能省略。He said (that he was leaving for Europe the next week and that he would stay there for half a year. 他說他下周要到歐洲去并在那里呆半年。（第二個that不能省略）（2）疑問

5、句的間接引語【小帖士】引述詞say to oneself常改成wonder。I said to myself, “Am I fit for the job?”I wondered if I was fit for the job. 我不知道我是否能勝任這項工作。直接引語如果是疑問句，變成間接引語后，叫做間接問句。引述的動詞常用 ask, inquire, wonder, want to know 等。間接問句的詞序一般都用正常詞序，句末不用問號，用句號。 一般疑問句的間接引語直接引語為一般疑問句時，用連詞whether或if 引導(dǎo)，某些表示請求的疑問句也可以轉(zhuǎn)換成間接祈使句。I asked h

6、im, “Are you satisfied with the results?” 我問他：“你對這結(jié)果滿意嗎？”I asked him whether he was satisfied with the results. 我問他對這結(jié)果是否滿意?！癉id you go to the British Museum yesterday?” asked Kate.凱特問：“你昨天有沒有去大英博物館？”Kate asked me if I had gone to the British Museum the day before.凱特問我昨天有沒有去大英博物館。The old man said to

7、 a passer-by, “Will you tell me the way to get to the Great Wall Hotel?”那位老人跟一位過路人說：“請問到長城飯店的路怎么走?！盩he old man asked a passer-by to tell him the way to the Great Wall Hotel.那位老人請一位過路人告訴他去長城飯店的路。選擇疑問句的間接引語直接引語為選擇疑問句時，用連詞whether/ifor引導(dǎo)。He said, “Are you interested in English or not?” 他說：“你是否對英語感興趣?”He

8、 asked (me whether I was interested in English or not. 他問我是否對英語感興趣。“Do you like Chinese food or Japanese food?” he asked. 他問：“你喜歡中國食物還是日本食物？”He asked whether / if I liked Chinese food or Japanese food. 他問我喜歡中國食物還是日本食物。特殊疑問句的間接引語直接引語為特殊疑問句，轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時，仍用原來的疑問詞引導(dǎo)。“What do you do in your free time?” he as

9、ked me. 他問我：“你業(yè)余時間干什么？”He asked me what I did in my free time. 他問我業(yè)余時間做什么?！癢hy did she go to America?” Paul asked. 保羅問：“她為什么去美國？”Paul asked why she had gone to America. 保羅問她為什么去了美國?！拘√俊俊癢hats the matter with you?”和“Whats wrong with you?”改為間接引語時詞序不變。He asked me what was wrong with me. 他問我出什么事了。 He a

10、sked me what was the matter with me. 他問我怎么了。（3）祈使句的間接引語直接引語如果是祈使句，變成間接引語后，叫間接祈使句。祈使句表示命令時，要把直接引語的動詞say變成command, order, tell等動詞，被轉(zhuǎn)述的部分改為動詞不定式。否定祈使句改為not to do結(jié)構(gòu)。“Stay where you are,” she said. 她說：“呆在原地?！盨he told me to stay where I was. 她告訴我呆在原地?！癉ont smoke in the room,” he said. 他說：“別在房間里抽煙?！盚e told

11、 me not to smoke in the room. 她叫我別在房間里抽煙。祈使句表示請求時，常把直接引語的動詞say變成ask, beg, request, urge等動詞。She said to me, “Please wait till I return, will you?” 她說：“請你一直等到我回來，好嗎？” She begged me to wait till she returned. 她請求我一直要等到她回來。 以Lets開頭的祈使的句，通常將引述動詞改為suggest，然后再接that從句。John said to Bill, “Lets go hiking tomo

12、rrow.”約翰對比爾說，“我們明天去徒步旅行吧?！盝ohn suggested to Bill that they (should go hiking the next day.約翰向比爾提議第二天去徒步旅行。（4）感嘆句的間接引語直接引語是感嘆句，變成間接引語后，叫做間接感嘆句。間接感嘆句多采用賓語從句結(jié)構(gòu)，既可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)，還可以根據(jù)句子表達的不同感情選用適當(dāng)?shù)膭釉~和狀語來轉(zhuǎn)換。He said, “What a beautiful view it is!” 他說：“多么漂亮的景色！”He said that it was a very beautiful v

13、iew. 他說景色非常漂亮。He cried out what a beautiful view it was. 他大聲說這景色是多么地漂亮。She often says, “What a great country China is!” 她常說：“中國是一個多么偉大的國家！”She often says that China is a very great country. 她常說中國是一個非常偉大的國家。She often remarks with admiration (that China is a great country.她常常贊賞地說中國多么偉大（5）并列句和復(fù)合句的間接引語當(dāng)

14、轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容為并列句或復(fù)合句，或有兩種以上的句子時，應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的句式來選擇不同的引述動詞和連接詞。He said, “I told her to wait, but she went away.”他說：“我告訴她等一下，但她還是走了。He said (that he had told her to wait but that she went away.他說他已經(jīng)告訴她等一下，但她還是走了。She said, “It is cold here. Is the window shut?”她說：“這兒很冷。窗戶關(guān)了嗎？”She said that it was cold there and aske

15、d if the window was shut.她說那兒很冷，并問窗戶是否關(guān)了。Fenwick said to me, “Go and see Robin. He will tell you everything you want to know.”芬威克對我說：“去看看羅賓吧，他會告訴你想要知道的事情。”Fenwick advised me to go and see Robin, and said that he would tell me everything I wanted to know. 芬威克建議我去看羅賓，因為他會告訴我想要知道的事情。二、引語轉(zhuǎn)換時的各種相應(yīng)變化直接引語轉(zhuǎn)

16、換成間接引語除了有句式的變化外，還要掌握動詞時態(tài)、人稱代詞、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和詞序的變化。（1）動詞時態(tài)的變化 如果引述動詞為現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，間接引語的動詞可以保持原來的時態(tài)。He says, “I have been writing a novel.” 他說：“我一直在寫一本小說?！盚e says that he has been writing a novel. 他說他一直在寫一本小說。 如果引述動詞為過去時態(tài)，間接引語中的時間就要往后推，即現(xiàn)在時間推至過去時間，過去時間推至過去的過去，將來時間推至過去將來時間。具體變化見下表：直接引語時態(tài)間接引語時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時現(xiàn)在進行時過

17、去進行時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成進行時過去完成進行時一般過去時過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時一般將來時過去將來時將來進行時過去將來進行時The teacher said, “You are doing OK.” 老師說：“你們干得很不錯?！盩he teacher said we were doing OK. 老師說我們干得很不錯。（現(xiàn)在進行時變?yōu)檫^去進行時）I asked her, “Where have you spent your holiday?” 我問她：“你去哪里度假了？”I asked her where she had spent her holiday. 我問她去哪里度假了

18、。（現(xiàn)在完成時變?yōu)檫^去完成時）She said, “I went to Shanghai.” 她說：“我去過上海?！盨he said that she had gone to Shanghai. 她說她去過上海。（過去時變?yōu)檫^去完成時）He said, “I had finished my work before 10 oclock.” 他說：“我在十點鐘前就完成工作了。”He said that he had finished his work before 10 oclock. 他說他在十點鐘前就完成工作了。（過去完成時不變）The mayor said: “The people of B

19、eijing will be preparing to light the Olympic torch to welcome athletes and fans from all over the world.” 這位市長說：“北京人民將準(zhǔn)備點燃奧運火炬來迎接來自全世界的運動員和運動迷?！盩he mayor said that the people of Beijing would be preparing to light the Olympic torch to welcome athletes and fans from all over the world.這位市長說北京人民將準(zhǔn)備點燃

20、奧運火炬來迎接來自全世界的運動員和運動迷。（將來進行時變?yōu)檫^去將來進行時）（2）情態(tài)動詞的變化 在間接引語中，有些情態(tài)動詞沒有過去式，轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時仍用原來的形式，或用其它表示法。直接引語間接引語must （必然）（推測）mustmustnt（禁止）mustntmust（必須）had to/ would have toshallshould shouldshouldwillwouldwouldwouldmaymightmightmightcancouldcouldcoulddaredaredneedneedought toought toHe said, “I really must go.

21、” 他說：“我一定得走了?！盚e said that he really must go. 他說他一定得走了?！癕ust we hand in our exercise this afternoon?” he asked. 他問：“我們得今天下午交作業(yè)嗎？”He asked if they had to hand in the exercise that afternoon. 他問他們是否那天下午得交作業(yè)?！癥ou need not take an umbrella with you,” he said. 他說：“你不用帶雨傘?！盚e said that I need not take an

22、umbrella with me. 他說我不用帶雨傘?！军c津坊】因為人稱發(fā)生了變化，在直接引語中可用shall或should，而在間接引語中則用would?！癐 should be glad to come.” “我會很愿意來的?！盚e said he would be glad to come. 他說他會很愿意來。（3）人稱代詞的變化人稱代詞的變化要以轉(zhuǎn)述者的立場作適當(dāng)?shù)母淖?。改變方式通常與漢語基本相同，即第一、三人稱轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱；第二人稱轉(zhuǎn)換成第一、三人稱。“Im fond of surfing the Internet,” he said. 他說：“我喜歡網(wǎng)上沖浪?！盚e said h

23、e was fond of surfing the Internet. 他說他喜歡網(wǎng)上沖浪?！癥ou should pay more attention to your pronunciation,” the teacher said.老師說：“你應(yīng)該更注意你的發(fā)音?！?The teacher said that I should pay more attention to my pronunciation. 老師說我應(yīng)該更注意我的發(fā)音?！拘√俊康绻f話人引述自己的話，人稱代詞不必改動。I said, “ I had a good time at the party.” 我說：“我在晚會上

24、玩得很開心?！盜 said that I had had a good time at the party. 我說我在晚會上玩得很開心。（4）指示代詞的變化在間接引語中，指示代詞this轉(zhuǎn)換成that，these轉(zhuǎn)換成those。He said, “Please show me this one.” 他說：“請拿這個給我看一下。”He asked me to show him that one. 他要我拿那個給他看一下。He said, “Id like to see these sunglasses.” 他說：“我想看這些太陽鏡”He said that he wanted to see t

25、hose sunglasses. 他說他想看那些太陽鏡。（5）時間狀語和地點狀語的變化根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)述的時間和地點不同，時間狀語和地點狀語存在著較多的變化。直接引語間接引語todaythat daythis morning/ afternoon/eveningthat morning / afternoon / eveningyesterdaythe day before, the previous dayyesterday morning /afternoon etc.the previous morning / afternoon etc.the morning before, the after

26、noon before the day before yesterdaytwo days beforetomorrowthe next day, the following daythe day after tomorrowin two days time, two days afternext week / month / year etc.the next week / month / year, etc.the following week / month / year etc.last night / month / year, etc.the previous night / mon

27、th / year etc.the night before, the month before etc.two weeks / months / years agothe weeks before, two months beforenowthenso far by thenin 1990in 1990herethere“Well leave here tomorrow,” he said. 他說：“我們明天離開這里?！盚e said that they would leave there the next day.他說他們將在第二天離開那里?！癐 met him the day befor

28、e yesterday,” she said.她說：“我前天遇見過他?！盨he said that she had met him two days before.她說她前兩天遇見過他。(6 間接引語的詞序變化直接引語為疑問句時，間接引語要把倒裝詞序變?yōu)檎Ｔ~序。He asked, “How did these differences come about?” 他問：“這些不同之處是如何產(chǎn)生的？”He asked how those differences had come about. 他問那些不同之處是如何產(chǎn)生的?！癢hat is adventure travel?” he asked.

29、他問：“冒險旅游是什么？”He asked what adventure travel was. 他問什么是冒險旅游?！驹囶}播報】No one can be sure_ in a million years.A. what man will look like B. what will man look likeC. man will look like what D. what look will man like【分析】本題考查賓語從句的詞序。賓語從句引導(dǎo)詞為what，充當(dāng)介詞like的賓語，先排除C項。B和D的詞序仍是疑問句的倒裝詞序。故本題正確答案是A。二. 引語轉(zhuǎn)換應(yīng)注意的事項直接引

30、語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語要遵循一些最基本的規(guī)則，特別是時態(tài)的前后呼應(yīng)及人稱代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語的變化。掌握好一些“變化”和“不變化”的規(guī)則，有助于準(zhǔn)確地進行交際。1、時態(tài)不用變化如果引述動詞為過去式時，間接引語中動詞的形式則在下列情況下不用變化：直接引語如果是表達客觀真理、格言時。He said, “Well done is better than well said.” 他說：“說得好不如做得好?！盚e said that well done is better than well said. 他說說得好不如做得好。直接引語中謂語動詞如是虛擬語氣，變成間接引語后仍用原來形式?！癐 advise

31、that you stop smoking,” the doctor said. 醫(yī)生說：“我勸你戒煙?！盩he doctor advised that he stop smoking. 醫(yī)生勸他戒煙。直接引語中的謂語動詞與具體時間狀語連用時，間接引語時態(tài)可不變。He told me, “Jurassic Park was made by Spielberg in 1993.” 他告訴我：“侏羅紀(jì)公園是斯皮爾伯格于1993年拍攝的?！盚e told me that Jurassic Park was made by Spielberg in 1993.他告訴我侏羅紀(jì)公園是斯皮爾伯格于1993年

32、拍攝的。直接引語中的時間狀語為過去時形式，引語中狀語從句的謂語動詞時態(tài)通常不變。Mr. Smith said, “When we lived in that city, we often met each other.”史密斯先生說：“當(dāng)我們住在那個城市時，我們經(jīng)常見面?！盡r. Smith said that when they lived in that city they had often met each other. 史密斯先生說當(dāng)他們住在那個城市時，他們經(jīng)常見面。當(dāng)引語表達的動作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在仍然存在時，從句的謂語動詞可不用變化。Our teacher said, “Eco-trav

33、el is a form of travel that combines normal tourism with learning.” 我們老師說：“生態(tài)旅游是一種結(jié)合一般旅游和學(xué)習(xí)的旅游?！監(jiān)ur teacher said that eco-travel is a form of travel that combines normal tourism with learning. 我們老師說生態(tài)旅游是一種結(jié)合一般旅游和學(xué)習(xí)的旅游。當(dāng)引述動詞用現(xiàn)在時形式時，引語中的時態(tài)不須改動。He says, “I have accepted her invitation.” 他說：“我已經(jīng)接受她的邀請了。

34、” He says that he has accepted her invitation. 他說他已經(jīng)接受她的邀請了。2、時間狀語、地點狀語不用變化如果說話時間和引述時間相同（如同一天，同一月等），時間狀語可不變?！癐 finished writing my paper yesterday,” he said today. 他今天說：“我昨天寫完論文了?！盚e told me today that he finished writing the paper yesterday. 他今天說他昨天寫完論文了。轉(zhuǎn)述的地點不變時，地點狀語here不必改為there。He said, “I enjoy

35、 my stay here.” 他說：“我在這里逗留期間玩得很開心?！盚e said that he enjoyed his stay here. 他說他在這里逗留期間玩得很開心。3、引述動詞的變化為了讓表達更豐富多彩一些，引述動詞除了常見的tell，ask，say外，根據(jù)不同句式還可以選用下列動詞：句式常見的引述動詞祈使句表請求ask, beg, request表命令command, order, tell表建議suggest, advise表提醒remind表提供幫助offer疑問句一般語體ask, wonder, want to know正式語體inquire / enquire感嘆句c

36、ry, shout, exclaim, call out, admit, wish陳述句帶雙賓語（可用for改寫）bring, buy, choose, cook, do, fetch, get, leave, make,order, paint, play, reach, save, spare帶雙賓語（可用to 改寫）bring, deny, do, give, grant, hand, lead, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, return, sell, send, show, take, tell, thro

37、w, writeThe boy said to his mother, “Ill never smoke again.” 那男孩子對他母親說：“今后我決不再吸煙了。”The boy promised his mother never to smoke again. 那男孩向他母親保證不再吸煙。“Call the police, Sean,” he said. 他說：“肖恩，叫警察?！盚e ordered Sean to call the police. 他命令肖恩叫警察。（表命令的祈使句）“Dont forget to buy me some ketchup on your way home,

38、” said Mother.媽媽說：“別忘了在回家的路上幫我買些番茄汁?！癕other reminded me not to forget to buy her some ketchup on my way home.媽媽提醒我別忘了在回家路上幫她買些番茄汁。（表提醒的祈使句）“Shall I post these letters for you?” he asked. 他問：“要我?guī)兔Π堰@些信寄出去嗎？”He offered to post those letters for me. 他提出要幫我寄出那些信。（表提供幫助的祈使句）“Does she really mean it?” he a

39、sked. 他問：“她真的是這個意思嗎？”He wondered / wanted to know whether/ if she really meant it.他想知道她是否真的是這意思。（疑問句）4、間接引語的句式變化為了使表達更生動，更準(zhǔn)確，我們在進行直接引語和間接引語轉(zhuǎn)換時，可注意使用不同的句式，這對提高我們表達能力的檔次很有幫助?！癕erry Christmas!” he said. 他說：“圣誕快樂！”He wished me a merry Christmas. 他祝我圣誕快樂?！癏elp!” he cried. 他喊道：“救命??！“He called for help. 他大

40、聲呼救。Mr. Wu said to them, “Youd better make preparations for the exam.” 吳老師對他們說：“你們最好為考試做準(zhǔn)備?！盡r. Wu advised them to make preparations for the exam. 吳老師勸他們?yōu)榭荚囎龊脺?zhǔn)備。He said, “I did break the window.” 他說：“我的確打爛了那個玻璃窗?！盚e admitted having broken the window. 他承認(rèn)打爛了那個玻璃窗?！癉ont walk on the ice. It isnt safe,”

41、 Mother said to us.媽媽對我們說：“不要在冰上行走，不安全！”Mother warned us not to walk on the ice since it wasnt safe.媽媽告誡我們不要在冰上行走因為不安全?！癏ave a cigarette,” he said. “No, thanks,” I replied.“抽只煙吧？”他說?！安唬x謝！”我回答道。He offered me a cigarette which I refused.他給我一只煙，我謝絕了?！居?xùn)練大本營】一、選擇填空1. He asked _ for the violin.A. did I p

42、ay how much B. I paid how muchC. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. Can you make sure _ the gold ring?A. where Alice has put B. where had Alice putC. where Alice had put D. where has Alice put3. These photos will show you _.A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks likeC. how

43、 our village look like D. how our village looks like4. You cant imagine _ when they received these nice Christmas presents.A. how they were excited B. how excited they wereC. how excited were they D. they were how excited5. _ she said suggested that she hadnt decided _ to go or not.A. What, if B. Th

44、at, whetherC. What, whether D. What, whichever6. Ill ask my parents _.A. whether they will agree to go B. if they let me goC. if they will let me go D. whether they allow me to7. -Do you mind if Jim will come to help?-I really dont know _ a person like him can help me with.A. what B. thatC. how D. i

45、f8. He asked me if _.A. the train will late B. the train always arrived lateC. the train arrives on time D. the train stops here9. It is said in the book that Thomas Edison (1847-1931 _ the world leading inventor for sixty years.A. would be B. has beenC. had been D. was10. Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.-Where was I?-You _ you didnt like your fathers job.A. had said B. saidC. were saying D. had been saying二、把下列直接引語變成間接引語1. “You have done a good job,” said the teacher.2. He said, “Ill help you with it later.”3. “Be careful wi