屋子太大用表中英外文

1、河 北 理 工 大 學(xué) 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 中 英 文 翻 譯英漢翻譯Construction materials1 Concrete1.1 Properties and Uses of Normal ConcreteConcrete is a man-made composite the major constituent of which is natural aggregate (such as gravel and sand ) and binding medium (such as cement paste, bitumen and polymers ). The binding med

2、ium is used to bind the aggregate particles together to form a hard composite material.In its hardened state concrete is a rock-like material with a high compressive strength. By virtue of the ease with which fresh concrete in its plastic state may be moulded into any shape it may be used for decora

3、tive purposes.Normal concrete has a comparatively low tensile strength Concrete is also used in conjunction with other materials, for example, it may form the compression flange of a box section and the remainder of which is steel (composite construction ). Concrete is used structurally in buildings

4、, shell structures ,bridges. sewage-treatment works , railway sleepers , roads , cooling towers, dams, chimneys. harbours, off-shore structures, coastal products which include concrete blocks, cladding panels, pipes and lamp standards.The impact strength, as well as the tensile strength, of normal c

5、oncrete is low and this can be improved by the introduction of randomly orientated fibers into the concrete. Steel , polypropylene, asbestos glass, carbon and even wood fibers have all been used with some success in precast products and in-situ concretes, including pipes,building panels and piles.Co

6、ncrete requires little maintenance and has good fire. Concrete hasother properties which may on occasions be considered less desirable, for example, the time-dependent deformations associated with drying shrinkage and other related phenomena.1.2 Preparation of Normal Concrete1河 北 理 工 大 學(xué) 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 中 英

7、 文 翻 譯We can learn how a structural concrete is prepared form Fig.3.3.Curing after the placing of concrete is very important for obtaining good properties.Making good concrete is difficult without addition of plasticizers or superplasticizers. Good concrete has to be satisfactory in its hardened sta

8、te(i.e. needed strength and good durability) and also in its fresh state while being transported from mixers and placed in formworks(sometimes through pumping).1.3 Constituents in Concrete and Their Basic KnowledgeConcrete is composed mainly of there materials, namely, cement, water and aggregate, a

9、nd an additional material known as a chemical admixture, is sometimes added to modify certain of its properties. Fly ash ground blast-furnace slag powder and silica fume are often used to replace partial cement to modify the properties of concrete and reduce the cost of concrete.A typical structure

10、of hardened concrete and the proportions of constituent materials encountered in most concrete mixes are shown in Fig.3.4. In a properly proportioned and compacted concrete the voids are usually less than 2%. The properties of concrete in its fresh and hardened state can show large variations depend

11、ing on the type quality and proportions of the constituents.（1） CementThe different cements used for making concrete are finely ground powders and all have the important that when mixed with water a chemical reaction(hydration) takes place. This in time produces a very hard and strong binding medium

12、 for aggregate particles. In the early stages of hydration, cement mortar gives fresh concrete its cohesive properties.（2） AggregateAggregate in concrete can be classified as coarse aggregate and fine aggregate according to its diameter. The diameter of the coarse and fine aggregate is larger than 5

13、mm and smaller than 5mm respecter of the coarse and fine aggregate used in concrete is often cobblestone and crushed gravel and the fine aggregate is river sand andmountain sand.Aggregate is much cheaper than cement andum economy is obtained by2河 北 理 工 大 學(xué) 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 中 英 文 翻 譯using as much aggregate as

14、 possible in concrete. Its use also considerably improves both the volume stability and the durability of the resulting concrete. The physical characteristics and in some cases the chemical composition of aggregate affecting to a varying degree on the properties of concrete in both plastic and harde

15、ned state.Sand is generally considered to have a lower size limit of about 0.08mm and a little less. Materials which size is smaller than 0.08mm is classified as clay which does harm to the mechanic properties and durability of concrete.Sea sand is not permitted to be used for making structural conc

16、rete before decreasing its salt content to less than 0.6% by washing.（3） WaterIn general water fit for drinking , such as tap water , is acceptable for mixing concrete . The impurities that are likely to have an adverse effect when present in appreciable quantities include silt, clay, alkali, and ot

17、her salts , organic matter and sewage.The use of seawater does not appear have any adverse effect on the strength and durability of Portland cement concrete but it may cause surface dampness. Efflorescence and staining and should be avoided where concrete with good appearance is required. Seawater a

18、lso increases the risk of corrosion of steel and its use in reinforced concrete is not permitted.（4） Chemical admixturesChemical admixtures are chemical substances introduces into a batch of concrete, during or immediately before its mixing, in order to alter or improve the properties of the fresh o

19、r hardened concrete or both.Nowadays, there are more than 15 types of chemical admixtures produced and they benefit concrete structures in many ways. Since chemical admixtures may also have detrimental effects, their suitability for a particular concrete should be carefully evaluated before use, bas

20、ed on a knowledge of their main active ingredients, on available performance data and on trial mixes.（5） Mineral admixturesFly ash, slag power and silica fume can used to replace a part of cement to reduce3河 北 理 工 大 學(xué) 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 中 英 文 翻 譯concrete cost and enhance concrete properties, especially its dur

21、ability. Nowadays, chemicals admixture and mineral admixture have become the two necessary raw materials for preparation of High-performance Concrete, the fluidity and durability of which is both much better than that of normal concrete.1.4 Concrete Mix DeignWhile designing a concrete mix proportion

22、, the following factors must be carefully considered.1) Workability of the fresh concrete;2) Strength of the hardened concrete;3) Durability of the concrete;4) Cost of the concrete.Because of its complication, it should be noted that the concrete mix Proportion designed should be tested and modified

23、 before being used in practice.2 Bituminous Materials2.1 Kinds of Bituminous Materials and Their Main PropertiesEngineers have made use of excellent durability and adhesive properties of bituminous materials. The bituminous materials used in ancient times were natural occurring bitumen. However, the

24、 bulk of todays bituminous materials include bitumen and tar. Bitumen is obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum (crude oil). It is a viscous liquid or a solid, consisting essentially of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, which is soluble in carbon disulphide, is substantially nonvolat

25、ile and softens gradually when heated. It is black or brown in color and possesses waterproofing and adhesive properties.Tar is a viscous liquid, black in color, with adhesive properties, obtained by the destructive distillation of coal, wood, shale, etc. No specific source is stated and it is impli

26、ed that the tar is obtained from coal.All bituminous materials are for the most part in mixtures with mineral or other aggregate.Bituminous material have the following properties and advantage:1)relativecheapness and availability in large quantities; 2)durability; 3)good adhesive and4河 北 理 工 大 學(xué) 畢 業(yè)

27、 設(shè) 計(jì) 中 英 文 翻 譯waterproofing qualities; and 4)the ease with which they can be handled at elevated temperatures, but quickly become stiff and resistant to deformation at normal temperatures.2.2 Uses of Bituminous MaterialThe earliest known uses of bitumen and tar relate to hydraulic uses, for example,

28、 bitumen is used to waterproof a building floor. Thin coating of bitumen paints or emulsions applied to absorptive materials have the effect of sealing capillaries so that both water and water vapour are prevented from moving through the materials.Bitumen and tar is a good material of chemical-attac

29、k. It can also bepainted on to parts which are liable to corrosion by weather or other sources.Nowadays the main use of bitumen is in road surfaces, named bitumen concrete road. In order to improve the strength of bituminous material at the high temperatures and the toughness of them at temperatures

30、 below zero, polymer modified bitumen, such ad SBS rubber modified bitumen and APP plastics modified bitumen is widely used.As with most oily substances, bitumen and tars will burn if they are not enough and there is air present. There are two temperatures which are very important for engineers to a

31、void to safely use bituminous materials. There are called the “flash point” and the “fire point”.3 SoilsEvery work of construction in civil engineering is built on soil or rock and in many instances these are also the raw materials of construction. So questions about the properties of soil are as im

32、portant as those about the properties of soil are as important as those about other constructional materials.These questions include:1) Will a given soil provide permanent support for a proposed building?2) Will a given soil compress (or swell) due to application of load from a proposed building, an

33、d by what amounts, and at what rates?3) what will be the margin of safety against failure or excessive or unequalcompression of the soil?5河 北 理 工 大 學(xué) 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 中 英 文 翻 譯4) Are natural or constructed soil slopes stable or likely to slide?5) what forces is exerted on a wall when a given soil is packed a

34、gainst it?6) At what rate and to what pattern will water flow through a soil?7) Can a given soil be improved in any way by treatment or admixture?All these require an understanding of soils as materials and of the mechanics of materials. Absolute answers are unobtainable and the engineers have to pr

35、actice the art as the science of geotechnologe.Anyway, to learn about the stabilization and strengthening measures of soil is very important for civil engineering students.In the wider sense, soil stabilization and strengthening measures are terms used for improvement of soils either as they exist i

36、n-situ or when laid and densified as fill. The purpose of stabilization is to make a soil less pervious, less compressible or stronger, or all of stabilization is to make a soil less pervious, less compressible or stronger, or all of these. This is often achieved by injecting a gelling or hardening

37、fluid into the pore spaces in soil. In suitable soils stabilization may also be achieved by introducing admixtures and then applying mechanical work or vibration o densify the materials.4 PolymerA polymer is a large molecule containing hundreds or thousands of atoms formed by combining one, two or o

38、ccasionally more kinds of small molecule (monomers) into a chain or network structures. The polymer materials are a group of carbon-containing (organic) materials which have macromolecular structures of this sort. The main polymer materials which have macromolecular structures of this sort. The main

39、 polymer materials which are widely used in civil engineering are PE (polyethylene), PP (polypropylene) , IR (polyisoprene rubber) , PVC (poly (vinyl chloride), CPVC(chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) and ABS(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer )etc.In the last 30 years, polymers have secured a

40、place alongside ms and ceramicas one of the major classes of manufactured materials. There are now a great variety ofsuch materials based on about fifty individual synthetic polymers, and they find wide6河 北 理 工 大 學(xué) 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 中 英 文 翻 譯application throughout manufacturing industry and engineering. These

41、 materials have aspread of engineering properties which are very different from those found in msand ceramics and a distinct manufacturing and processing technology centered largely on moulding, extrusion and fiber-forming operations.Building construction is one of the main volume markets for polyme

42、rs. However the use of polymers in civil engineering is less conspicuous, because these materials donot generally compete directly with the traditional load-bearing materials, thestructural ms, concrete and masonry. But a number of polymers have important andestablished civil engineering uses. One o

43、f the most straightforward and prominentapplications is in pipework (Fig.3.5) , where longer established materials like cast iron,heavy clay and concrete face severe competition withPolymers also play important roles as surface coatings,several polymer materials.membranes, adhesives andjointingcompo

44、unds,roofingmaterials,claddingsandthermalinsulators.Fiber-reinforced plastics play a great role in light structures. PVC doors and PVC windows have been widely used in the buildings (Fig.3.6). They are light in weight and their thermal insulation and air impermeability are much better than wooden or

45、 m doors/windows.5 Bricks and BlocksThe value of small building bricks or blocks has been recognized, in one form or another, for many centuries. Large manufacturing processed are used in the brick and block-making industries today although clay bricks are still by hand in many parts of our country.

46、Clay, calcium silicate and concrete products all include both bricks and blocks. The distinction between the two is primarily the size, i.e. blocks being larger than bricks. Clay and calcium silicate bricks and concrete blocks are widely used.All bricks and blocks have broadly similar uses although

47、their properties differ in some important respects depending on the raw material used and the method of manufacture.The use of common clay bricks is no longer permitted in large cities in Chinatoday because the manufacture of them will destroy arable land and seriously pollute7河 北 理 工 大 學(xué) 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 中

48、英 文 翻 譯air. The main recommended bricks and blocks in buildings are perforated clay bricks,hollow bricks, autoclaved lime-sand bricks, calciumconcrete blocks and foamed concrete blocks etc.silicatebricks,gas-entrained8河 北 理 工 大 學(xué) 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 中 英 文 翻 譯材料1 混1.1 普通混的使用和特性的復(fù)合材料，主要成分是天然物(如礫石、砂)和約束混是一種人造(如水泥漿

49、、瀝青和聚合物)。這種物質(zhì)具有約束力,是聚合物微粒凝結(jié)形成一個(gè)硬顆粒復(fù)合材料?；焓且环N強(qiáng)度象硬石狀的物質(zhì)，抗壓強(qiáng)度高。新鮮的混具有可塑性高的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，可造就成任何形狀，可用于裝飾目的。普通混具有比較低抗拉強(qiáng)度，混也配合其他材料使用。例如，可以組成一個(gè)壓縮框，其余的部分是鋼(復(fù)合)?；旖Y(jié)構(gòu)的物使用,殼結(jié)構(gòu)橋梁。污水處理廠、露宿鐵路、公路、水塔、水壩、煙囪。港口、離岸結(jié)構(gòu), 具體包括石塊、覆面板、管、裝支柱燈。影響機(jī)注重 了一些混,以及抗拉強(qiáng)度、不同混強(qiáng)度低，這是正常的，具體可以采用隨的混。鋼、聚丙烯、石棉、碳、木材甚至在的和預(yù)制原址，包括水管、板樁。要求有良好的耐火極限、少維修. 混的其他情況,看起

50、來就較理想,例如，取決于時(shí)間與干燥收縮變形等現(xiàn)象有關(guān).1.2 普通混的編制我們可以學(xué)習(xí)如何具體結(jié)構(gòu)形式 fig.3.3 后準(zhǔn)備將是非常重要的具體獲得良好特性。沒有添加可塑或超可塑劑制作混是非常的。好的混有良好的令人滿意的狀態(tài)(即需要良好的和耐久性),并在攪拌機(jī)攪拌后，放入框架(有時(shí)通過水管)。1.3 混的組成和基本知識(shí)混的主材料有：水泥、水聚合,增加了化學(xué)物質(zhì)稱為產(chǎn)物，有時(shí)加入一些其他的物質(zhì)。地面飛灰、爐渣爐硅石粉和油煙常被用來取代部分水泥產(chǎn)業(yè)的修改和降低混的成本。硬化混的典型結(jié)構(gòu)和混合物中材料比例由圖 3.4 給出。 在適當(dāng)?shù)谋壤蛪嚎s情混的間隙通常不到 2%。在未硬化與硬化的情，混的性質(zhì)會(huì)

51、由于類型、質(zhì)量和混合比例的不同而產(chǎn)生大的變化。1.3.1 水泥用于生產(chǎn)混的不同的水泥是是很好的材料，當(dāng)與發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)(水化)時(shí)，都是很重要的成分。 這時(shí)候,為骨料結(jié)構(gòu)提供了強(qiáng)烈的約束力。 在水化早期，誰泥砂漿在混1.3.2 骨料中表現(xiàn)出它的凝聚力?；斓墓橇峡梢苑譃榇止橇虾图?xì)骨料。粗骨料和細(xì)骨料的直徑相差總計(jì)不大于 5mm 和小于 5mm。使用在混是沙石。中的粗骨料經(jīng)常是卵石和礫石，而細(xì)骨料則因?yàn)楣橇系膬r(jià)格比水泥的便宜，所以的混是盡可能多的使用骨料。9河 北 理 工 大 學(xué) 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 中 英 文 翻 譯骨料的使用量也可以大大提高混的穩(wěn)定性和耐久性。在某些情的物理特性和化學(xué)組成，在不同程度上

52、影響混的整體性能和硬兩種具體情況。沙一般認(rèn)為最低限直徑為 0.08mm。直徑小于 0.08mm 的粘土，對(duì)混的機(jī)械特性和耐久性是有害的。在降低海沙的含鹽量小于 0.6%之前，海沙是不能用于建造混1.3.3 水的。一般適合飲用的水，如自來水，可以用來調(diào)制混。 當(dāng)出現(xiàn)在可見情，包括：泥沙，淤泥，酸，堿和其它的鹽，有機(jī)物和污水，雜質(zhì)很可能產(chǎn)生不良影響。利用海水對(duì)水泥混的耐久性和強(qiáng)度沒有太大的不良影響，但可能導(dǎo)致表面潮濕，開裂，變色。當(dāng)混對(duì)外觀有較高要求時(shí)，應(yīng)盡量避免使用海水。海水的使用也增加了鋼的侵蝕并且鋼筋混1.3.4 化學(xué)外加劑中部使用。化學(xué)外加劑是在混合之前或混合時(shí)加入混中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，為了改變

53、或增加混的某些性能。目前，有 15 種以上的化學(xué)外加劑,并從各種方面來加強(qiáng)混化學(xué)外加劑也有不利影響，在使用錢應(yīng)該仔細(xì)評(píng)估其對(duì)混的結(jié)構(gòu)。 由于的適應(yīng)性，基于對(duì)主要有效能數(shù)據(jù)和提供試用的知識(shí)。1.3.5 礦物外加劑粉煤灰、爐渣、硅酸鹽可代替部分水泥用于降低成本和提高的混的性能,尤其是耐用性。目前,化工、礦產(chǎn)其間包含兩個(gè)必要的原料，其對(duì)高性能混耐久性和性有較大提高。的1.4 混當(dāng)制定了混混合設(shè)計(jì)的混合比例時(shí),要慎重考慮以下因素：1) 新混2) 混3) 混4) 混的工作性能; 的最大強(qiáng)度; 的耐久性;的費(fèi)用.由于其復(fù)雜性,在使用前混2 瀝青材料的混合比必須被檢驗(yàn)和證明。2.1 各類瀝青材料及其主要特性

54、工程師利用具有優(yōu)良性能的粘合劑和具有耐久性的瀝青材料. 瀝青材料使用的是天然古代塊煤.不過,今天大部分的瀝青材料,包括瀝青和木焦油. 瀝青是石油蒸餾取得的(原油).粘度是液體或固體,主要是碳?xì)浠衔锛捌浠衔?可溶性碳水化合物,逐漸加熱、軟化. 呈現(xiàn)出黑色或褐色,具有防水、粘合性的特點(diǎn). 瀝青是液體粘稠、黑色的粘合劑，其特性類似于蒸餾煤炭、木材等。沒有任何特性暗示瀝青來自煤炭.所有瀝青材料大多以混合物形式，與其他礦物混合.瀝青材料的特性,具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):1)相對(duì)便宜且廉價(jià); 2)耐久性; 3)良好的混合劑和防水劑;4),可以很方便地低溫處理,在正常溫度下很快強(qiáng).，抗變形性能10河 北 理 工 大

55、 學(xué) 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 中 英 文 翻 譯2.2 瀝青材料的使用最早使用瀝青焦油是用于防水，例如瀝青用于防水. 油漆、涂料的分散劑應(yīng)用瀝青材料來吸收末梢,使水蒸氣將無法透過材料.瀝青焦油是一個(gè)很好的瀝青化和物質(zhì).他可以用于地上有可能腐蝕的情。目前主要是使用瀝青路面，即所謂的瀝青混道路. 為了提高瀝青物質(zhì)強(qiáng)度，在高溫下的韌性,他們?cè)诹阆聹囟?、修改瀝青聚合物,修改 SBS 橡膠瀝青使瀝青普遍適用.跟大多數(shù)含油物質(zhì)燃燒一樣,如果不是有足夠的燃燒空間和溫度，工程師應(yīng)避免采用瀝青材料，該溫度有被稱為"熱點(diǎn)"、"著火點(diǎn)".3 土壤每個(gè)土木工程建設(shè)工作是建立在土壤和巖石

56、上，許多情,這些也是的原材料.土壤的特性問題與其他題包括:材料的特性問題具有同等重要的地位。這些問1)對(duì)于某筑土體可提供的物理參數(shù)是多少2) 某一土壤壓縮(膨脹)性是多少3) 安全沉降量是多少4) 天然土坡的失穩(wěn)條件是什么5) 擋土墻的反力強(qiáng)度是多少6) 以什么方式、在什么速度下水流通過土壤7)土壤性能的方法所有這些都需要一個(gè)對(duì)土壤力學(xué)材料性能的認(rèn)識(shí)， 和實(shí)踐的科學(xué)中得到。是絕對(duì)不能從工程師無論如何,土木工程的學(xué)生鞏固和加強(qiáng)對(duì)土壤知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)是非常重要的.在廣義上的措施,穩(wěn)定和加強(qiáng)土壤并進(jìn)行改良土壤條件是可行的,因?yàn)樗麄兛梢栽谠飞线M(jìn)行。目的就是要以較少的投入穩(wěn)定土壤.這往往是通過注射一種硬化液

57、體流出或進(jìn)入土壤孔隙空間.較穩(wěn)定的土壤,可以用機(jī)械振動(dòng)。4 聚合物聚合物是一種原子的結(jié)合物，形成一個(gè)、兩個(gè)或種小的成鏈網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu).高材料的碳化合物，主要類似高聚合物材料的結(jié)構(gòu). 主要高材料,廣泛應(yīng)用于土木工程是 PE(聚乙烯)、PP(聚丙烯)、IR(橡膠)、聚氯乙烯(乙烯基氯)、CPVC(氯化理),ABS(丙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物)等. 在過去 30 年中,取得一席之地聚合物與金屬、陶瓷的一大類材料的. 現(xiàn)在有很多基于這種材料高五十個(gè)人,發(fā)現(xiàn)整個(gè)業(yè)的廣泛應(yīng)用和工程.這些材料具有特性,設(shè)計(jì)不同的發(fā)現(xiàn)不同的陶瓷的生產(chǎn)和技術(shù),主要集中在澆鑄、擠出、形成.是聚合物集合.使用聚合物土木工程是那么明顯,因?yàn)檫@些材料一般不同傳統(tǒng)承重材料直接競(jìng)爭(zhēng),像金屬結(jié)構(gòu)、混及磚石.。但也有一些重要的聚合物在土木工程中有重要用途. 其中最突出的應(yīng)用是管道(fig.3.5),類似鑄鐵材料,重粘土和一些混與高材料嚴(yán)峻的競(jìng)爭(zhēng). 聚合物材料表面也發(fā)揮著重要的橋梁作用、薄膜、粘合劑和化合物、建材、絕緣體和熱爟.增強(qiáng)結(jié)11河 北 理 工 大 學(xué) 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 中 英 文 翻 譯構(gòu)發(fā)揮了重要作用. PVC門