物流外文文獻翻譯

1、word1. The Definition of LogisticsAfter completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics

2、 facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.Three major functions of logistics (1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at diff

3、erent times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods. (2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the locati

4、on value of logistics. (3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics crea

5、te added value for goods.2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include: (1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transpor

6、tation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics base module of 600×400mm, from the logistics module of 1,200×1,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,591×2,438mm-the size of high×wide of the container. It can be adjus

7、ted to the standard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships. (2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency and accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists the market development

8、, operation and management of the logistics industry.3.International Logistics An increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide lo

9、gistics networks. Integrated logistics management and cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.There are some future trends in internationalization: (1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities (2) Expansion of the number and size of foreign trade zones. (3) Re

10、duction in the amount of international paperwork and documentation (4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm (5) Increasing number of smaller firm (6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transportation carriers. (7) Increasing

11、multiple distribution channelsThe international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service demanded. The most significant development i

12、n international logistics will be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.4.Packaging. Packaging performs two basic functionsmarketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printe

13、d information attract customers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the pr

14、oducts during the process of logistics.Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arrange and move them to the reproduction and reprocessing locations.Return goods handlin

15、g. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are not good enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse

16、distribution costs may be very high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies. 5.Third Part Logistics ( TPL) Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part( su

17、pplier or producer) and the second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for

18、 batter and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pickups and deliveries, whereas inhouse transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:* The company does n

19、ot specialize in logistics;* The company does not have sufficient resources;* Eager to implement better logistics operation or does not have time to develop the required capabilities inhouse;* The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements;* Merger or acqu

20、isition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.6.Global Logistics Developed countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries to manufa

21、cture components, subassemblies and even the final products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “ global logistics.Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower labor cost, better quality, increased internal competiti

22、on and better customer service. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer time from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics suppliers or manufacturers, exchange rates.There are three m

23、ajor flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow.7.Logistics into the Future Logistics is changing at a rapid and acceleration rate. There are two reasons are its rapid growth: Firstly, pressure to change by the development of the system itself (1) Highspeed comput

24、ing and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to user demand(2) More flexible and accurate logistic planning and control through computers and data processing (3) Flexible computer facilities help problem solving and increase decisions accuracy(4) Awareness of total cost measurement and

25、 management accounting Secondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy. (1) Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competition(2) There is increasing specialization in markets and growth in retailing. (3) Life cycles for products are shortening. Logistics systems need t

26、o be more efficient, faster and more flexible (4) Move from mass production towards flexible manufacturing system( FMS). These systems enable a company to switch production quickly from one product to another (5) Competitive pressures lead to more efforts to improve customer service.8.The process of

27、 logistical integration can be divided into four stages:Stage 1. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities associated with distribution. Separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of all processes within physical distribution manageme

28、nt( PDM).Stage 2. PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials, components, and subassemblies, generally known as “ materials management. By the late 1970s, many firms had established “ logistics department with overall responsibility for the movement, storage, and handling of products upstr

29、eam and downstream of the production operation.Stage 3. Logistics plays an important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other functions. With the emergence of business process reengineering( BPR) in the early 1990s, the relationship between logistics and related functions was redefined. “

30、 System integration occurred. Crossfunctional integration should achieve greater results.物流的定義在完成商業(yè)交易之后,物流將以最低本錢和最高效益的方式執(zhí)行將商品從供給商(賣方)流轉(zhuǎn)到顧客(買方)的過程。這就是物流的定義。在物流過程中,既需要諸如物流設施和設備(物流運輸工具等)的硬件,也需要對物流實施信息化管理進行物流標準化。此外,政府和物流組織的支持也不可或缺。物流的三大主要功能 (1)創(chuàng)造時間價值:同種商品因所處時間的不同而有著不同的價值。在商品流轉(zhuǎn)過程中,往往會處于某種停滯的狀態(tài),物流的專業(yè)術語就稱之

31、為儲存。儲存創(chuàng)造了商品的時間價值。 (2)創(chuàng)造場所價值: 同種商品因所處位置的不同而有著不同的價值。這種因商品流轉(zhuǎn)過程中而產(chǎn)生的附加增值稱之為物流的場所價值。 (3) 同配送加工價值:有時,物流活動也能創(chuàng)造配送加工價值,這種物流加工主要改變商品的長度、厚度和包裝形態(tài)。物流中經(jīng)常提到的“分割成更小的局部就是配送加工中最為常見的形式。大多數(shù)物流加工都能創(chuàng)造商品的附加價值。2.物流作為新興的商務領域,經(jīng)歷了從傳統(tǒng)物流向現(xiàn)代物流開展的兩個階段。這兩個階段的不同主要表達在以下兩個方面: (1)現(xiàn)代物流采用了集裝技術。商品物流往往從包裝開始,而后經(jīng)歷運輸、儲存和配送等過程。整個過程始終在物流標準化的前提下

32、運行。以物流根底模數(shù)尺寸600×400MM為根底,制定出物流模數(shù)尺寸1200×1000MM,并將其放大至2591×2438MM,即形成集裝箱的高度與寬度標準尺寸。并能調(diào)整成適合鐵運、汽運和船運的集裝箱標準規(guī)格尺寸。 (2)信息技術在現(xiàn)代物流中尤其重要。條形碼、銷售時點系統(tǒng)、電子數(shù)據(jù)傳輸系統(tǒng)、全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)的使用,極大地提高了物流活動的效率和精確程度。而互聯(lián)網(wǎng)更加有助于物流管理的市場開發(fā)、運營和管理。國際物流很多企業(yè)正通過出口、許可、合營或跨國經(jīng)營涉足國際市場。這種趨勢仍將持續(xù)。隨著這種趨勢的開展，開發(fā)國際物流網(wǎng)絡成為必須。整合物流管理和本錢分析將更加復雜和困難。

33、國際化將呈現(xiàn)出以下未來趨勢： (1)物流將更多地承當起國際義務 (2)對外貿(mào)易區(qū)的數(shù)量和規(guī)模的擴大 (3)國際有紙作業(yè)和單據(jù)制作的數(shù)量的減少 (4)更多的涉外倉儲業(yè)務由出口企業(yè)經(jīng)營和控制 (5)小企業(yè)的數(shù)量增長 (6)物流效勞企業(yè)的涉外經(jīng)營，如公營倉儲業(yè)務和國際運輸商 (7)增加多配送渠道從某些方面講，國際運輸?shù)韧趪H物流。因此，當涉足國際貿(mào)易領域時，企業(yè)必須建立國際物流系統(tǒng)以提供需要的產(chǎn)品或效勞。國際物流的更重要的開展在于大力采用先進的信息系統(tǒng)和實行獨立的部門運作。4.包裝。包裝執(zhí)行兩個根本的功能營銷和物流。就市場營銷而言，包裝承當促銷和廣告的功能。其尺寸、重量、顏色和印制的信息會對顧客產(chǎn)

34、生吸引力并將產(chǎn)品信息傳達給顧客。當企業(yè)涉足國際市場營銷時，包裝就顯得更為重要。出口到國外的產(chǎn)品需要運輸更長的距離，經(jīng)歷更多的裝卸搬運。而物流包裝在物流過程中起到了保護產(chǎn)品的作用。廢棄物處理。物流過程中的活動也應當包括高效快速地對廢棄物進行裝卸、運輸和倉儲。如假設廢棄物能夠重新利用或回收，物流企業(yè)應當合理安排并將其運送到再生產(chǎn)或再加工地點。退貨處理。退貨處理通常叫做反向配送。買方可能因各種原因?qū)a(chǎn)品退回賣方。多數(shù)物流系統(tǒng)未能對此類事件作出足夠妥善的處理。在很多行業(yè)，消費者因維修保證、更換或回收而退回產(chǎn)品，因而反向配送的本錢可能會很高。由于顧客對退貨政策的要求更加靈活、更加實惠，反向配送將更加重要

35、。 5.第三方物流第三方物流提供了所有的物流活動。他們在第一方供給商或生產(chǎn)商和第二方買方或顧客之間扮演著橋梁或設施供給商的角色。第三方物流提供商的根本目標是降低供給商的整體物流本錢，提高顧客效勞水平。第三方物流增長十分迅速。本錢降低和對更好更廉價的效勞的需求是增長背后的動力。第三方物流提供商能夠?qū)碜詭准移髽I(yè)的業(yè)務進行整合，并能提供頻繁的提貨和交貨，而企業(yè)內(nèi)部運輸無法做到。第三方物流開展的其它原因如下：* 企業(yè)并不專長于物流* 企業(yè)自身沒有足夠的物流資源* 對實施更好的物流運作的期盼，或沒有時間開發(fā)內(nèi)部物流所需要的能力* 企業(yè)正投資一項新領域，該領域有著不同的物流需求* 外包物流運營可能比整合

36、物流運營更加有吸引力6.全球物流興旺國家常在兩個方面實施全球化:在第三世界國家謀求更大的本錢優(yōu)勢,以及在其他國家尋找新的合作伙伴生產(chǎn)零配件、半成品甚至制成品。這第二個方面迫使興旺國家不得不進入一個叫做“全球物流的新領域。全球經(jīng)營的利益包括(獲得)廉價的原材料和終端產(chǎn)品,降低的勞動本錢,更好的質(zhì)量,提升國際競爭力以及更好的客戶效勞。其缺點主要是交貨的不可靠性,艱難的溝通以及從產(chǎn)品的設計到產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)完成需要更長的時間。面臨的挑戰(zhàn)經(jīng)常來自于文化和語言的差異,法律要求,物流支持,尋求適宜的全球供給商或生產(chǎn)商,外匯匯率等。全球物流涉及到三種流轉(zhuǎn):物料流轉(zhuǎn),單據(jù)流轉(zhuǎn)和資金流轉(zhuǎn)。7.物流走向未來物流正以高速

37、改變著。其高速增長原因有二:第一,因自身系統(tǒng)的開展而被迫變革 (1)高速計算機系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)交換系統(tǒng)能持續(xù)地對用戶需求實行流轉(zhuǎn)和操作 (2)通過計算機和數(shù)據(jù)加工能實現(xiàn)更加靈活的精確的物流方案和管理 (3)柔性計算機設施有助于問題的解決和提高決策的精確度 (4)對整體本錢衡量和財務管理的清醒認識第二,來自范圍經(jīng)濟變革的壓力。 (1)為了謀求更大競爭力,對于不同規(guī)模市場的處理需要有靈活性 (2)市場規(guī)格和零售增長的大幅度提升 (3) 產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)周期縮短。物流系統(tǒng)就要更高效、更快、更靈活 (4) 從規(guī)模生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向柔性生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)(FMS) 。這些系統(tǒng)能使企業(yè)從一種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)迅速轉(zhuǎn)向另一種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn) (5)競爭

38、的壓力導致企業(yè)更加努力地提高客戶效勞水平。8.物流整合的過程可分為四個階段:第一階段:開始于0世紀60年代的美國,涉及到所有相關的配送活動的整合。別離的經(jīng)銷部門得協(xié)調(diào)與貨物配送管理(PDM)相關的所有過程的管理。第二階段:PDM應用于物流、部件和半成品的往返流轉(zhuǎn)活動,通常稱之為“物料管理。至20世紀70年代晚期,很多企業(yè)業(yè)已建立了“物流部門以全權負責與生產(chǎn)運作相關的上游和下游產(chǎn)品的搬運、倉儲和裝卸等。第三階段:因其成為面對眾多功能的接口,物流承當起重要的協(xié)調(diào)作用。隨著20世紀90年代早期業(yè)務流程再造(BPR)的出現(xiàn),物流及其相關功能的關系被重新定義?！跋到y(tǒng)整合開始出現(xiàn)。功能交叉整合應該大幅度實

39、現(xiàn).這就像我們身處喧囂的鬧市，卻在渴望山清水秀的僻靜之地。心假設靜，何處都是水云間，都是世外桃源，都是僻靜之所，心假設急躁，不管你居所何處，都難寧靜。其實，很多人懼怕喧囂，卻又怕極了孤獨，人實在是矛盾的載體。然而，人的最高境界，就是孤獨。受得了孤獨，忍得了寂寞，扛得住壓力，才能成為生活的強者，才不會因為生活的暗礁而失去對美好事物的追求。常常喜歡靜坐，沒有人打攪，一個人，也有一個人的宿醉。面對這喧囂塵世，安靜下來的時光，才是最貼近心底的那一抹溫柔，時光如水，靜靜流淌。即便單獨矗立夜色，不說話，也很美。這恬淡時光，忘卻白日的傷感，撿起平淡，將靈魂在寧靜的夜色里放空?；仡^看看曾經(jīng)走過的路，每一個腳印

40、，都是豐富而厚重的，是對未來的希望，是對生活的虔誠。我們都是生活里的平凡之人，不管一天中多么努力，多么辛苦，老天總是會給你時不時的開個玩笑，可能有些玩笑，來的有點猛，有點不知所措，但是又怎么樣呢？你要知道，人的能力和智慧是無窮的。面對生活的暗礁，我們只能用坦然的心態(tài)去接受它，然后盡量去改變它，讓它激起生命的浪花。即使改變不了，只要努力了，就不言懊悔。有時候，難過了，想哭就哭出來，哭又不是罪，哭完了繼續(xù)努力，總有一天，時間會告訴你，你的眼淚是不會白流的。沒有苦難的人生，它一定是不完美的。生命里，沒有一帆風順，總有一些看不見的暗礁等著你，既然注定要撞上，那就努力尋找岸的方向。只要不放棄，一定有抵達岸邊的希望，假設選擇放棄，那么岸依然是岸，死神只會離你越來越近。能和災難抗衡，能珍惜生命的人，那么他的人生一定不會太灰暗。只要你不放棄自己，生活就不會放