高中英語時態(tài)總結(jié)

1、英語動詞的時態(tài)時態(tài)和時間是兩個不同的概念。時間是一種客觀存在的形式，它不依賴于任何一種特定的語言，為所有的文化共有。時態(tài)是一種語言的手段，依語言的不同而有所區(qū)別，它是屬于動詞的語法范疇。英語動詞時態(tài)是以動詞形式變化來表示句子中談到的動作、狀態(tài)的時間關(guān)系和說話的時間。因此我們可以看到時態(tài)和時間兩者間雖然有關(guān)系，但不可以混淆。 The plane leaves tomorrow morning. 飛機明晨起飛。 此句中的時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時，但是它所表示的時間卻為將來（明晨） 英語動詞的常用時態(tài)總共有十六種： 一般現(xiàn)在時 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 一般過去時 過去進(jìn)行時 一般將來時 將來進(jìn)行時 現(xiàn)在完成時 過去完成

2、時 將來完成時 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時 過去完成進(jìn)行時 1 一般現(xiàn)在時 一般現(xiàn)在時的形式 是以動詞的原形表示的，當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時，做謂語的動詞原形后要加上詞尾-s or es, 其構(gòu)成方式列表如下： 情況 構(gòu)成 例詞 一般情況 詞尾加-s Reads, writes 以ch,sh,s,x,o結(jié)尾的詞 詞尾加-es Teaches,washes,guesses, fixes, goes 以輔音字母+Y 結(jié)尾的詞 變Y為I，再加-es Tries, carries 但是，動詞to be 和to have 的一般現(xiàn)在時的形式特殊如下： 一般動詞的詞形變化 To be 的詞形變化 To have 的詞形

3、變化 I know it I am a student I have a pen. You know it. You are a student You have a pen He (she) knows it. He (she) is a student. He (she)has a pen. We (you,they) know it. We (you,they) are students. We (you,they) have pens. 一般現(xiàn)在時的功用 1. 表示一直發(fā)生的事情，經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作： Nurses look after patients in hospitals. Exc

4、use me, do you speak English? I get up at 8 oclock every morning. It often rains in summer in Beijing. 2. 表示客觀事實或者真理： Birds fly. The earth goes around the sun. 3. 談?wù)摃r間表、旅程表等，如： What time does the film begin? The football match starts at 8 oclock. Tomorrow is Thursday. 4. 談?wù)摷?、國籍等，如?Where do you com

5、e from? I come from China. 你是哪國人？我是中國人。 Where do you come from? I come from Guangzhou. 你是哪里人？我是廣州人。 5. 詢問或者引用書籍、通知或新近接到的信箋內(nèi)容，如： What does that notice say? What does Ann say in her letter? She says shes coming to Beijing next week. Shakespears says, “Neither a borrower or a lender be.” 莎士比亞說：“既不要向人借錢

6、，也不要借錢給別人?！?一般過去時 一般過去時是表示在說話時間以前發(fā)生的動作或者狀態(tài)的動詞時態(tài)，它是英語時態(tài)體系中最重要的時態(tài)之一。 1) 一般過去時規(guī)則動詞的構(gòu)成形式： 規(guī)則動詞在其原形后面加-ed: to work-worked 以字母e結(jié)尾的規(guī)則動詞，只加-d: to love-loved 對所有人稱均無詞形變化。 否定式均由did not + 動詞原形構(gòu)成 I / you / he / she / they / we did not work. 疑問式均由 did + 主語 + 動詞原形 構(gòu)成 拼寫注意： 情況 變化 例詞 動詞為單音節(jié)，以一個元音字母和一個輔音字母結(jié)尾 輔音字母雙寫，

7、再加-ed Stop-stoppedAdmitadmitted 以y結(jié)尾的動詞，在y 前為輔音字母時 Y 變?yōu)?I ,加 ed Carry carriedHurry hurried 以y 結(jié)尾的動詞，在y 前為元音字母時 加ed ObeyobeyedEnjoy-enjoyed 在英語當(dāng)中有一部分動詞的過去式變化形式是不規(guī)則的，這類動詞被稱為不規(guī)則動詞?？倲?shù)大概不過200多個，但是使用頻率很高。主要分成三類： 1 第一類不規(guī)則動詞的三種形式同形，如： cost cost cost cut cut cut hurt hurt hurt shut shut shut set set set 注意，有

8、些動詞的過去式與過去分詞有兩中形式，如： bet bet / betted bet / betted wed wed / wedded wed / wedded wet wet / wetted wet / wetted 2 第二類不規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞同形，如： bend bent bent bring brought brought catch caught caught hide hid hid / hidden get got got/ gotten(AmE) lead led led 3 第三類不規(guī)則動詞的原形、過去式和過去分詞都不相同，如： 原形 過去式 過去分詞 begin

9、 began begun break broke broken forbid forbade forbidden grow grew grown ring rang rung wake woke / waked woken / waked 此外還有少數(shù)不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞與原形相同，如： come came come become became become run ran run 一般過去時的功用 1） 表示一個沒指明具體時間的過去的行動，如： He worked in that bank for four years. (沒說明起始時間，但是現(xiàn)在不在那里工作了)。 They once sa

10、w Deng Xiaopin. Did you ever hear BackStreet Boy sing? 2) 表示在過去特定的時間結(jié)束的行動，如： When did you meet him? I met him yesterday. When we lived in Phoenix, we studied at Arizona State University. Where have you been? Ive been to the opera. Did you enjoy it? 3) 表示過去的習(xí)慣 He always carried an umbrella. They neve

11、r drank wine. 現(xiàn)在完成時的形式 現(xiàn)在完成時由to have 的現(xiàn)在時+過去分詞構(gòu)成： 肯定式 否定式 疑問式 否定疑問式 I have worked I have not worked Have I worked? Have I not worked? You have worked You havenot worked Have you worked? Have you not worked? He (she)has worked. He(she)has not worked. Has he(she) worked? Has he(she) not worked? We(you

12、 / they) have worked. We (you / they) have not worked. Have we (you / they) worked? Have we (you / they) not worked? 緊縮形式 現(xiàn)在完成時的功用 現(xiàn)在完成時可以說成是兼有現(xiàn)在與過去意義的一種復(fù)合時態(tài)。它與現(xiàn)在有密切聯(lián)系，如： -Oh,dear, Ive forgotten her name. 和現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系就是 I dont remember her name now. -Fort has gone to Canada. 和現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系就是 He is not here. He is

13、 in Canada now. 1) 表示延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作 （有時是總計做了多少次等）。 How many times have you been to the United States? She really loves that film. She has seen it eight times. Tom has lived in Now York all his life. 2) 表示開始與過去而在說話時刻結(jié)束的行動，如： I havent seen you for ages. 我好久沒見到你了。（說話時刻已經(jīng)見到了） This room hasnt been cleaned for

14、months. (也許從說話開始時刻就要打掃它了) 3) 表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，如： The window has broken. 4) 和最高級連用，表示到現(xiàn)在為止是最的 What a boring film! Its the most boring film Ive ever seen. Is it a thick book?-Yes, it is the thickest book Ive ever read. 5) 和句型 This is the first time, Its the first time 連用，如： This is the first time he ha

15、s driven a car. (相當(dāng)于 he has never driven a car before.) Is this the first time youve been in hospital? Professor Johnson has lost his passport again. Its the second time he has lost it. 6) 和ever, never, yet, just, already 等副詞連用，如： Have you ever eaten French cheese? We have never had a private car. H

16、as it stopped raining yet? (yet 表示期待雨停止) Would you like something to eat? No, thanks. Ive just had lunch. Dont forget to mail the letter, will you? Ive already mailed it. (already 表示比預(yù)料的要快) 7）與since 連用，since 表示與某一時刻或從句連用，表示“從那一刻到說話時為止”，它總是與完成時連用，如： She has been here since 6 oclock. He hasnt been him

17、self since the accident. （那次事故后，他從未完全康復(fù)） Since I was a child I have lived in England. 一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的比較 1） 過去時僅僅表示過去，現(xiàn)在完成時還表示與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如： He has lost his key. He lost his key. 2) 與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)的或者過去很久的歷史事件不能用現(xiàn)在完成時 The Chinese invented printing. Shakespear wrote Hamlet. 3)如果說明動作有特定的過去時間，就不能用現(xiàn)在完成時，如： Did you see the

18、 film on television last night? Tom lost his key yesterday. 詢問某事發(fā)生的具體時間或者地點時（when , what time, where）, when , what time, where）, 用一般過去時，如： What time did they arrive? When and where were you born? 比較： Have you see Ann this moring? ( 說話時仍為上午) Did you see Ann this morning? ( 說話時為下午) Jack has lived in L

19、ondon for six years. 還在倫敦住 Jack lived in London for six years. 先不住倫敦了 I have never played golf in my life. I didnt play golf when I was on holiday last summer. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時是由助動詞to be 的現(xiàn)在時 + 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成： 肯定式 否定式 疑問式 I am working.You are working.He (she) is working.We (you,they) are working. I am not workin

20、g.You are not working.He (she) is not working.We (you,they) are not working. Am I working?Are you working?Is he (she) working?Are we (you,they) working? 現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成，是在動詞原形上加ing, 但是應(yīng)該注意： 情況 變化 例詞 動詞以單個e 結(jié)尾 去掉e, 加 ing Love _lovingArgue _ arguing 動詞以 ee結(jié)尾 直接加 ing Agree_ agreeingSee _ seeing 動詞為單音節(jié)：以單一元音字母

21、+ 單一輔音字母結(jié)尾 輔音字母雙寫，再加 ing Hit _ hittingRun _runningStop _ stopping 動詞為雙音節(jié)或者多音節(jié)：最后一個音節(jié)為重讀音節(jié)，以單一元音字母 + 單一輔音字母結(jié)尾 輔音字母雙寫，再加 ing Begin beginningAdmit admitting 以 y 結(jié)尾的動詞 直接加 ing Carry carryingEnjoy enjoying 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的功用 1） 表示說話時正在發(fā)生或者進(jìn)行的動作 Please dont make so much noise, Im studying. Lets get out. It isnt rai

22、ning any more. 2) 表示在現(xiàn)在相對較長一段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作，但是說話一刻不一定在做的動作 Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house. David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing. 這些動作，在說話時并不一定在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行，而是在包括說話的一剎那在內(nèi)的一段時間內(nèi)發(fā)生、進(jìn)行的。 3）表示最近的確定的安排 Ann is coming tomorrow. Oh, is she? What time is she arriving? At 10:1

23、5. Are you meeting her at the station? I cant. Im working tomorrow morning. 以上句子也可以用be going to (do) 的形式來表示。但是談?wù)撘汛_定的安排時候，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)顯得更加自然，除非受到動詞的功能的限制。在此，切不可用will, 如： Alex is getting married next month. 不能用 will get married. 4) 和always 連用表示某種情緒，可能是厭煩也可能是贊揚，如： Tom is always going away for weekends. My h

24、usband is always doing homework. 有些動詞是表示一種狀態(tài)而不是動作，一般不用于進(jìn)行時。例如，我們一般不說 I am knowing, 而說 I know. 常見的這類動詞有： want like hate know see hear believe understand seem think(相信) suppose remember need love realize mean forget prefer have （擁有）belong To understand is to accept. 理解就是接受 Do you like Beijing? Do you

25、see the rainbow? I remember him very well. I think I understand what he wants. 一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的比較 一般現(xiàn)在時表示的是一般、重復(fù)的動作或者事情 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示說話時或說話前后正在發(fā)生的動作或事情，如： Tom plays tennis every Sunday. Wheres Tom? -He is playing tennis. What do you do? 你是干什么工作的？ What are you doing here? 你在這里干什么？ 一般現(xiàn)在時是表示經(jīng)久的情況，而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示的是暫時的，如： My parents live in Shanghai. They have been there for 50 years. Shes living with some friends until she can find an apartment. 過去進(jìn)行時 過去進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成形式為： I / he /she was We / they / you were + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 過去進(jìn)行時的功用 1） 表示在過去某個時間后者某段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作，如： When I rang him up, he was having dinner.