高中英語語法歸納總結(jié)37783

1、打鐵教育 科目：英語 授課老師：王茂林The Education of Datie Subject : English Teacher : Henry高中英語語法之小茂解析 第一章 主謂一致 主謂一致(Subject- Verb Agreement)，指”人稱”和”數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如: He is going abroad. They are playing football.可分為:語法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致.(一) 語法一致原則: 即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語也用復(fù)數(shù). 以下為注意事項(xiàng):1. 單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有with , along with, together

2、with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語, 謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù).如: Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質(zhì).No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個(gè)仆人外, 沒有一個(gè)人遲來用餐。2. 用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù). 如: The

3、poet and writer has come. 那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個(gè)人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具. (兩樣物)用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。3. 不定式(短語), 動(dòng)名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 如:Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.When well go out for an o

4、uting has been decided.我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。4. 用連接的并列主語被each, every 或no修飾時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會(huì)缺席.Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙。5. each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 復(fù)數(shù)

5、代詞+each, 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Each of us has something to say. 我們每個(gè)人都有話要說。6. 若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。 但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù). 如:Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late. 不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個(gè)人來幫助我們。7.

6、 none 做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù); 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如:None of us are (is) perfect. 人無完人。None of this worries me. 這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù). 如:His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語一般用單數(shù).如:A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。9.

7、形復(fù)意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國(guó)名如: the United States; 報(bào)紙名如: the New Times; 書名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談> 以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國(guó)> 等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。10. “a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如:Only one and a half apple

8、s is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語, 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如:One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。(二) 內(nèi)容一致原則: 1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車， 今天出售。60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個(gè)蘋果的60%都被這個(gè)小男孩

9、吃了。Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的。Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個(gè)蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書已運(yùn)到。A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pi

10、g. 這個(gè)蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。3. 加減乘除用單數(shù).如:Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等于10。4. 表示時(shí)間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時(shí), 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí), 其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。5. (1) 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如: The British police have only very limited powers.(2) 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集

11、體名詞. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3) 可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委員會(huì)決定解雇他。6. the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).如:The injured were saved after the fire.(三) 就近原則1.

12、 由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中, (有時(shí)主語不止一個(gè)時(shí))謂語動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致.如:Here comes the bus 公共汽車來了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在這兒的時(shí)候, 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？2. 用連詞or, either. or, neither.nor, not only.but also 等連接的并列主語, 謂語動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主

13、語在數(shù)上一致。 如：Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事.He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆。注意: one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中, 定語從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如：Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，定語從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。Mary is t

14、he only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是唯一一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。主謂一致練習(xí)1. About 60 percent of the students _ from the south, the rest of them _ from the north and foreign countries.A. are/is B. are/are C. is/are D. are2. Half of the workers here _ under 30 _.A. is/years B. are/year old C. is/years old D. a

15、re/years of age3. Now Tom with his classmates _ football on the playground.A. play B. are playing C. plays D. is playing4. The number of pages in this dictionary _ about two thousand.A. are B. has C. have D. is5. Thirty dollars _ too expensive.A. are B. is C. were D. be6. The audience _ so large tha

16、t no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A. is B. are C. was D. has7. The secretary and principal _ at the meeting now.A. are speaking B. is speaking C. were making a speech D. have a speech8. "If anybody _, please put down _ name," said the teacher to the monitor.A. wants to buy th

17、e book/his B. want to buy the book/theirC. will buy the book/one's D. wants to have the book bought/her9. Nothing but one desk and six chairs _ in the room.A. are B. is stayed C. is D. are left10. Having arrived at the station, _.A. it was found that the train had left &nb, sp; B. th, e trai

18、, n had leftC. the train was found left D. he found that the train had left11. Between the two roads _ a TV tower called "Skyscraper Tower".A. stands B. standing C. which stands D. stand12. Either of you _ going there tonight.A. will B. was C. is D. are13. You as well _ right.A. I are B. I

19、 am C. as I am D. as I are14. All but Dick _ in Class Three this term.A. are B. is C. were D. was15. - Shall I wait here for three hours? -Yes. Three hours _, _ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A. are not very long for you B. is not long enough fo, , , , , r youC. was not long enough for you D. w

20、ill be too long for you16. Where to get the materials and how to get them _ at the meeting.A. have not discussed B. have not been discussedC. has not discussed D. has not been discussed17. I took mathematics and physics because I think that _ very important for me to make further research in this fi

21、eld.A. what is B. they are C. this D. which are18. Every student and every teacher _.A. are going to attend the meeting B. have attended the meetingC. has attended the meeting D. is attended the meeting19. Three fourths of the bread _ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _ left on the table.A. was eate

22、n/were B. were eaten/was C. were eaten/were D. was eaten/was20. This pair of shoes _.A. is her B. is hers C. are hers D. are her21.There _ no life on the moon.A. is said to have B. are said to have C. is said to be D. are said to be 22.A group of _ are eating _ and _ at the foot of the hillA. sheep;

23、 grass; leaves B. sheeps grasses leavesC. sheep; grass leaf D. sheeps grass leafs23.My family raise a lot of _, including two_.A. cattles cows B. cows cattle C. cattle cows D. cow, cattles24.What he says and what he does_.A. does not agree B. do not agree C. does not agree with D. not agree25.The bo

24、y and the girl each _ toys.A. have their own B. has their own C. have her own D. has her own26.She is the only one among the _ writers who _stories for children.A. woman, writes B. women write C. women writes D. woman write27.The railway station is _from our school.A. two hours drive B. two hours dr

25、ive C. two hour drive D. two hours drive28.Mike and Johns _.A. father is a teacher B. fathers are teachers C. father are teachers D. fathers are teacher29.A great deal of talking and listening that _ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A. is occurred B. are occurred C. occurs D. occur30

26、._ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A. Either the offices or B. The offices and C. Both the office and D. The office and31.Three-fourths of the homework _today.A. has finished B. has been finished C. have finished D. have been finished32.More than 60 percent of the worlds radio programmes _in Engla

27、nd.A. is B. was C. are D. be33. _work has been done to improve the peoples living standardA.A great deal of B.A great many C.A large number of D.Many34.The rest of the magazines _ within half an hour.A.is sold out B.are sold out C.was sold out D.were sold out35.There _ a lot of sugar in the jar.A. h

28、as B.have C.is D.are36. “All _present and all _going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is B.are, are C.are is D.is are37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A.is B.was C.are D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters _ Chinese in China.A.are studying B.have s

29、tudied C.studies D.study39.The rich_ not always happy.A.are B.is C.will D.may40. _can be done _done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been C.All has D.All that ,has been41.Either of the plans _equally dangerous.A.are B.is C.has D.have42.The police _the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared i

30、n a theatre.A.is searching B.were searching for C.are searching D.was searching for43.Your trousers _dirty, you must have_ washed.A.is it B.are it C.are them D.is them44.The Olympic games _held every four _.A.is years B.are years C.is year D.are year45.He is the oly one of the students who_elected.A

31、.are B.have C.has D.is46. _a good enough price for this book A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are C.Two yuans is D.Two yuan is47.No bird and no beast _in the lonely islandA.are seen B.is seen C.see D.sees48.Every means _prevent the water from_A.are used to polluting B. get used to polluting C.is used to ,

32、 polluted D.is used to ,being polluted49.Each of the _in the ship.A.passenger has his own room B. passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room D.sengers has his own room50.What we need _good textbooks.A.is B.are C.have D.has51.What you said just now_to do with the matter we are dis

33、cussing. A.have something B.has something C.had something D.was something52.Either your parents or your elder brother _to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is B.are C.are going D.have 53.Neither of the novels which _popular with us _been translated into Chinese.A.are has B.are have C.is have D.is has54.

34、Every boy and every girl _to attend the evening party.A.wish B.wishes C.hope D.are hoping55._ has been done.A.netynine percents of the work B. Half of what he promised C. Two-fifths of the articles D. Three quarter of the business答案：1-5 BDDDB 6-10 ABACD 11-15 ACDAB 16-20 DBCDB21-25 CACBA 26-30CBACA

35、31-35 CCADC 36-40CBCAD 41-45 BBCBD 46-50 DBDDB 51-55 BAABB 第三章：非謂語動(dòng)詞 不定式（infinitive）、分詞（participle）、動(dòng)名詞（gerund）是非謂語動(dòng)詞，在句子中不能作謂語。以下表格列出了他們各自在句中的作用。（表示可以在句中擔(dān)任的語法成分，×則表示不可以。）作用種類主語賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語表語定語狀語不定式動(dòng)名詞××分 詞××非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中的特點(diǎn)、性質(zhì)、用法、區(qū)別及使用注意事項(xiàng)分述如下：第一節(jié)、非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語可作主語的非謂語形式為：不定式和動(dòng)名詞。其表達(dá)形式為：不

36、定式：主動(dòng)態(tài) to do; 被動(dòng)態(tài) to be done; 動(dòng)名詞：主動(dòng)態(tài) doing; 被動(dòng)態(tài) being done。 例1：To act like that is foolish. 例2：It is impossible for me to buy the car with cash. 要我用現(xiàn)金買那輛車是不可能的。 例3：Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 例4： What made you so late for work today ? Driving to the office was very sl

37、ow this morning because of heavy traffic. 因?yàn)榻煌〒頂D，今早開車上班非常慢。 一般說來，動(dòng)名詞和不定式作主語，可以互換，其意義沒有多大差別，但須注意以下兩點(diǎn)： 1表示具體的，尤其是未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，傾向用不定式（如例2）。 表示無時(shí)限的泛指動(dòng)作（如例3）或描述當(dāng)時(shí)的情況（如例4），傾向用動(dòng)名詞。 2在下列句型用動(dòng)名詞作主語 It is no good doing.（沒有用） There is no doing. （不可能） It is no good arguing with him. 和他爭(zhēng)論沒有用。 There is no knowing what m

38、ay happen. = It is impossible to know what may happen. 練習(xí)： 1（改錯(cuò)）As is known, learn a foreign language well requires great efforts.2（改錯(cuò)）Though flying balloons are easy, balloonists must watch the weather carefully.3（選擇）_ to sunlight for too much will do harm to ones skin. A. Exposed to B. Exposing C.

39、 Having exposed D. Being exposed 答案：1learn learning 原形動(dòng)詞不能作主語。 2are is 單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。 3.答案D。句義：遭太陽暴曬對(duì)皮膚有害。本題考查動(dòng)名詞作主語。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，待選項(xiàng)在句中作主語，又因?yàn)槿伺cexpose為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以選D。第二節(jié)、非謂語動(dòng)詞作表語可作表語的非謂語動(dòng)詞為：不定式，動(dòng)名詞。 1Your task this morning is to deliver the mail to Professor Smith. 你今天上午的任務(wù)是把這個(gè)郵件送給史密斯教授。（不定式解釋主語內(nèi)容） 2My hob

40、by is collecting stamps. （動(dòng)名詞解釋主語內(nèi)容）1. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _it more difficult.（99全國(guó)）A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make2.分析句子是否正確: What we do is prepare our students to face fierce competitions when they enter society.1、答案B。is后有兩個(gè)表語，兩者必須在結(jié)構(gòu)上對(duì)稱。

41、第一個(gè)表語為不定式to make life easier，則第二個(gè)表語也應(yīng)該為不定式，所以選B。 2、正確。當(dāng)主語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do 時(shí)，作表語的不定式可以省略to; 若沒有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do,表語中to不能省略。第三節(jié)、非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語 可作賓語的非謂語動(dòng)詞為：不定式和動(dòng)名詞。 1不定式作賓語 例1He demanded to know the truth. 例2The car failed to stop at the red light. 那輛轎車看到紅燈沒有停。 英語中有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的動(dòng)詞，只能以不定式作賓語。如： agree（同意），decide, refuse, pretend（假裝），ma

42、nage（設(shè)法），promise, seem, happen, hope, wish, offer to do（表示愿望） afford to do（買得起，承擔(dān)得起），bother to do（特意），choose to do（愿意或決定） attempt / seek to do（試圖） learn to do（學(xué)習(xí)或?qū)W會(huì)） 短語 would like（love）to do，would prefer to do（更愿意），be about to do（即將）, 介詞 but / except to do 例1）I have no choice but to give up the plan

43、. 2）There was nothing we could do except wait. 注：but / except前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do, 其后to必須省去 請(qǐng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 1）疑問代詞如what，which；疑問副詞如when, whether（why除外）引導(dǎo)的不定式可作know, decide等的賓語，在意義上相當(dāng)與一個(gè)未曾發(fā)生的賓語從句。例1We havent decided what steps to take next. We havent decided what steps we should take next.2I really dont know whether to

44、 write to her or give her a phone call. I really dont know whether I should write to her or give her a phone call. 這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以作主語和表語 例1What to do next remains to be discussed. 下一步該怎么辦有待于討論。 例2Our difficulty is where to get enough money. 2）為了避免重復(fù)，不定式可省去與前邊重復(fù)的動(dòng)詞原形，而保留“to”。 例： Would you like to go for a pi

45、cnic with me ? Id love to, but I cant spare any time at present.（to后省略了go for a picnic with you）3）不定式的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)：主 動(dòng) 語 態(tài)被 動(dòng) 語 態(tài)形 式時(shí) 間 概 念形 式時(shí)間概念to do (一般時(shí))1）未發(fā)生2）和謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)to be done同 左to be doing (進(jìn)行時(shí))謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，正在進(jìn)行to have done (完成時(shí))發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前to have been done同 左 不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成時(shí)常用在下列句型中： seem / appear（似乎）to 1）S（人

46、，物）happen（碰巧）to pretend to be said（據(jù)說）to be thought / supposed / considered/ believed（據(jù)認(rèn)為）to 2）S（人，物）be reported（據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)）to be known（知道）to 請(qǐng)注意：考查不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)。I happened to be standing next to him when he fell down. The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broa

47、d daylight yesterday. 據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貓?bào)紙指導(dǎo)，這家銀行昨天在光天化日之下遭到搶劫。 He is known to have been arrested by the police. 人們都知道他曾被警察逮捕過。 4）was / were to have done ；would like to have done wished（hoped / wanted / intended / meant）to have done 表示當(dāng)時(shí)想做，而實(shí)際不能做到 I was to have picked you up at the airport, but I forgot about it.

48、I intended to have helped you out but I had no money then. 我當(dāng)時(shí)真想幫助你擺脫困境，可是我那時(shí)身無分文。 2動(dòng)名詞作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語 I cant imagine marrying a girl of that sort. 我很難想象與那種女子結(jié)婚后的情形。 I narrowly missed being killed in the car accident. 在那次車禍中我死里逃生。 He admitted having stolen my bicycle. 他承認(rèn)偷了我的自行車。 There is no point in argu

49、ing any further.再爭(zhēng)議下去毫無意義。 1）下列動(dòng)詞必須帶動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語： understand（理解），admit（承認(rèn)），keep（on）（繼續(xù)），practise（練習(xí)），finish（完成），imagine（想象），miss（錯(cuò)過，避免），avoid（避免），escape（逃避），suggest（建議），dislike（討厭），enjoy（喜歡），delay（推遲），excuse（原諒），mind（介意），appreciate（感激），oppose（反對(duì)）。 另外，有的詞既可帶動(dòng)名詞做賓語，亦可帶不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語，請(qǐng)區(qū)別清楚。如： allow doing（比較：all

50、ow sb. to do） advise doing（比較：advise sb. to do） 2）下列短語必須帶動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語： be worth（值得），pay attention to（注意），object to（反對(duì)），cant help（情不自禁），devote oneself to（致力于），put off（推遲），be / get used to（習(xí)慣于），feel like（想要），look forward to（盼望），get down to（開始做，認(rèn)真做某事），how / what about（怎么樣），There is no point (in) doing sth

51、(做某事毫無意義) 3）下列動(dòng)詞可以用不定式作賓語，也可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，但有明顯的語義差別。 remember doing 回憶起過去做過的事 remember to do 記住要做的事 forget doing 忘記了曾做過的事 forget to do 忘記該做的事 regret doing 對(duì)已發(fā)生的事表示后悔 regret to do 對(duì)現(xiàn)在要發(fā)生的事表示抱歉 mean doing 意味著，意思是 mean to do 打算，想要 try doing 試一試某種方法 try to do 設(shè)法去做一件事 比較1I dont mean to give up the plan. 我不打算放

52、棄這個(gè)計(jì)劃。 A break down on our way would mean our walking for hours. 汽車半路拋錨意味著我們要步行幾個(gè)小時(shí)。 比較2I have always deeply regretted selling（having sold）the farm.我一直為賣掉這個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)而后悔不已。 We regret to tell you that you owe the bank &100. 我們很遺憾地告訴你，你欠銀行100英鎊。第四節(jié)、非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語 作狀語的非謂語動(dòng)詞為：分詞和不定式1現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別 1）現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，譯為“令人”；過去分詞表示被動(dòng)，譯為“感到”，這是兩者最重要的區(qū)別 The weather of this summer is disappointing. My parents will be disappointed