網(wǎng)站畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaAwebsiteisacollectionofrelatedwebpages,images,videosorotherdigitalassetsthatareaddressedrelativetoacommonUniformResourceLocator(URL),oftenconsistingofonlythedomainname,ortheIPaddress,andtherootpathinanInternetProtocol-basednetwork.Awebsiteishostedonatleastonewebserver,accessibleviaanetworksuchastheInternetoraprivatelocalareanetwork.Awebpageisadocument,typicallywritteninplaintextinterspersedwithformattinginstructionsofHypertextMarkupLanguage(HTML,XHTML).Awebpagemayincorporateelementsfromotherwebsiteswithsuitablemarkupanchors.WebpagesareaccessedandtransportedwiththeHypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP),whichmayoptionallyemployencryption(HTTPSecure,HTTPS)toprovidesecurityandprivacyfortheuserofthewebpagecontent.Theuser'sapplication,oftenawebbrowser,rendersthepagecontentaccordingtoitsHTMLmarkupinstructionsontoadisplayterminal.AllpubliclyaccessiblewebsitescollectivelyconstitutetheWorldWideWeb.thepagesofawebsitecanusuallybeaccessedfromasimpleUniformResourceLocatorcalledthehomepage.TheURLsofthepagesorganizethemintoahierarchy,althoughhyperlinkingbetweenthemconveysthereader'sperceivedsitestructureandguidesthereader'snavigationofthesite.Somewebsitesrequireasubscriptiontoaccesssomeoralloftheircontent.Examplesofsubscriptionsitesincludemanybusinesssites,partsofmanynewssites,academicjournalsites,gamingsites,messageboards,web-basede-mail,socialnetworkingwebsites,andsitesprovidingreal-timestockmarketdata.1.HistoryTheWorldWideWeb(WWW)wascreatedin1989byCERNphysicistTimBerners-Lee.On30April1993,CERNannouncedthattheWorldWideWebwouldbefreetouseforanyone.BeforetheintroductionofHTMLandHTTP,otherprotocolssuchasfile1transferprotocolandthegopherprotocolwereusedtoretrieveindividualfilesfromaserver.Theseprotocolsofferasimpledirectorystructurewhichtheusernavigatesandchoosesfilestodownload.Documentsweremostoftenpresentedasplaintextfileswithoutformattingorwereencodedinwordprocessorformats.2.OverviewOrganizedbyfunction,awebsitemaybe（1）apersonalwebsite（2）acommercialwebsite（3）agovernmentwebsite（4）anon-profitorganizationwebsiteItcouldbetheworkofanindividual,abusinessorotherorganization,andistypicallydedicatedtosomeparticulartopicorpurpose.Anywebsitecancontainahyperlinktoanyotherwebsite,sothedistinctionbetweenindividualsites,asperceivedbytheuser,maysometimesbeblurred.Websitesarewrittenin,ordynamicallyconvertedtoHTML(HyperTextMarkupLanguage)andareaccessedusingasoftwareinterfaceclassifiedasauseragent.Webpagescanbeviewedorotherwiseaccessedfromarangeofcomputer-basedandInternet-enableddevicesofvarioussizes,includingdesktopcomputers,laptops,PDAsandcellphones.Awebsiteishostedonacomputersystemknownasawebserver,alsocalledanHTTPserver,andthesetermscanalsorefertothesoftwarethatrunsonthesesystemsandthatretrievesanddeliversthewebpagesinresponsetorequestsfromthewebsiteusers.Apacheisthemostcommonlyusedwebserversoftware(accordingtoNetcraftstatistics)andMicrosoft'sInternetInformationServer(IIS)isalsocommonlyused.3.StaticwebsiteAstaticwebsiteisonethathaswebpagesstoredontheserverintheformatthatissenttoaclientwebbrowser.ItisprimarilycodedinHypertextMarkupLanguage(HTML).Simpleformsormarketingexamplesofwebsites,suchasclassicwebsite,afivewebsiteorabrochurewebsiteareoftenstaticwebsites,becausetheypresentpre-defined,staticinformationtotheuser.Thismayinclude2informationaboutacompanyanditsproductsandservicesviatext,photos,animations,audio/videoandinteractivemenusandnavigation.Thistypeofwebsiteusuallydisplaysthesameinformationtoallvisitors.Similartohandingoutaprintedbrochuretocustomersorclients,astaticwebsitewillgenerallyprovideconsistent,standardinformationforanextendedperiodoftime.Althoughthewebsiteownermaymakeupdatesperiodically,itisamanualprocesstoeditthetext,photosandothercontentandmayrequirebasicwebsitedesignskillsandsoftware.Insummary,visitorsarenotabletocontrolwhatinformationtheyreceiveviaastaticwebsite,andmustinsteadsettleforwhatevercontentthewebsiteownerhasdecidedtoofferatthattime.Theyareeditedusingfourbroadcategoriesofsoftware:(1)Texteditors,suchasNotepadorTextEdit,wherecontentandHTMLmarkuparemanipulateddirectlywithintheeditorprogram(2)Wysiwygofflineeditors,suchasMicrosoftFrontPageandAdobeDreamweaver(previouslyMacromediaDreamweaver),withwhichthesiteiseditedusingaGUIinterfaceandthefinalHTMLmarkupisgeneratedautomaticallybytheeditorsoftware(3)Wysiwygonlineeditorswhichcreatemediarichonlinepresentationlikewebpages,widgets,intro,blogs,andotherdocuments.(4)Template-basededitors,suchasRapidweaverandiWeb,whichallowuserstoquicklycreateanduploadwebpagestoawebserverwithoutdetailedHTMLknowledge,astheypickasuitabletemplatefromapaletteandaddpicturesandtexttoitinadesktoppublishingfashionwithoutdirectmanipulationofHTMLcode.4.DynamicwebsiteAdynamicwebsiteisonethatchangesorcustomizesitselffrequentlyandautomatically,basedoncertaincriteria.Dynamicwebsitescanhavetwotypesofdynamicactivity:CodeandContent.Dynamiccodeisinvisibleorbehindthescenesanddynamiccontentisvisibleorfullydisplayed.(1)DynamiccodeThefirsttypeisawebpagewithdynamiccode.Thecodeisconstructeddynamicallyontheflyusingactiveprogramminglanguageinsteadofplain,3staticHTML.Awebsitewithdynamiccodereferstoitsconstructionorhowitisbuilt,andmorespecificallyreferstothecodeusedtocreateasinglewebpage.Adynamicwebpageisgeneratedontheflybypiecingtogethercertainblocksofcode,proceduresorroutines.Adynamically-generatedwebpagewouldcallvariousbitsofinformationfromadatabaseandputthemtogetherinapre-definedformattopresentthereaderwithacoherentpage.Itinteractswithusersinavarietyofwaysincludingbyreadingcookiesrecognizingusers'previoushistory,sessionvariables,serversidevariablesetc.,orbyusingdirectinteraction(formelements,mouseovers,etc.).Asitecandisplaythecurrentstateofadialoguebetweenusers,monitorachangingsituation,orprovideinformationinsomewaypersonalizedtotherequirementsoftheindividualuser.(2)DynamiccontentThesecondtypeisawebsitewithdynamiccontentdisplayedinplainview.Variablecontentisdisplayeddynamicallyontheflybasedoncertaincriteria,usuallybyretrievingcontentstoredinadatabase.Awebsitewithdynamiccontentreferstohowitsmessages,text,imagesandotherinformationaredisplayedonthewebpageandmorespecificallyhowitscontentchangesatanygivenmoment.Thewebpagecontentvariesbasedoncertaincriteria,eitherpre-definedrulesorvariableuserinput.Forexample,awebsitewithadatabaseofnewsarticlescanuseapre-definedrulewhichtellsittodisplayallnewsarticlesfortoday'sdate.Thistypeofdynamicwebsitewillautomaticallyshowthemostcurrentnewsarticlesonanygivendate.AnotherexampleofdynamiccontentiswhenaretailwebsitewithadatabaseofmediaproductsallowsausertoinputasearchrequestforthekeywordBeatles.Inresponse,thecontentofthewebpagewillspontaneouslychangethewayitlookedbefore,andwillthendisplayalistofBeatlesproductslikeCD's,DVD'sandbooks.5.SoftwaresystemsThereisawiderangeofsoftwaresystems,suchasJavaServerPages(JSP),thePHPandPerlprogramminglanguages,ActiveServerPages(ASP),YumaandColdFusion(CFML)thatareavailabletogeneratedynamicwebsystemsanddynamicsites.Sitesmayalsoincludecontentthatisretrieved4fromoneormoredatabasesorbyusingXML-basedtechnologiessuchasRSS.Staticcontentmayalsobedynamicallygeneratedeitherperiodically,orifcertainconditionsforregenerationoccur(cached)inordertoavoidtheperformancelossofinitiatingthedynamicengineonaper-userorper-connectionbasis.Pluginsareavailabletoexpandthefeaturesandabilitiesofwebbrowsers,whichusethemtoshowactivecontent,suchasMicrosoftSilverlight,AdobeFlash,AdobeShockwaveorappletswritteninJava.DynamicHTMLalsoprovidesforuserinteractivityandrealtimeelementupdatingwithinwebpages(iepagesdon'thavetobeloadedorreloadedtoeffectanychanges),mainlyusingtheDocumentObjectModel(DOM)andJavaScript,supportwhichisbuilt-intomostmodernwebbrowsers.Turningawebsiteintoanincomesourceisacommonpracticeforwebdevelopersandwebsiteowners.Thereareseveralmethodsforcreatingawebsitebusinesswhichfallintotwobroadcategories,asdefinedbelow.(1)Content-basedsiteSomewebsitesderiverevenuebysellingadvertisingspaceonthesite(seeContextualadvertising).(2)Product-orservice-basedsitesSomewebsitesderiverevenuebyofferingproductsorservicesforsale.Inthecaseofe-commercewebsites,theproductsorservicesmaybepurchasedatthewebsiteitself,byenteringcreditcardorotherpaymentinformationintoapaymentformonthesite.Whilemostbusinesswebsitesserveasashopwindowforexistingbrickandmortarbusinesses,itisincreasinglythecasethatsomewebsitesarebusinessesintheirownright;thatis,theproductstheyofferareonlyavailableforpurchaseontheweb.Websitesoccasionallyderiveincomefromacombinationofthesetwopractices.Forexample,awebsitesuchasanonlineauctionswebsitemaychargetheusersofitsauctionservicetolistanauction,butalsodisplaythird-partyadvertisementsonthesite,fromwhichitderivesfurtherincome.5文章來(lái)自維基百科，自由的百科全書(shū)IP地址在以網(wǎng)絡(luò)Web過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)或私人局域網(wǎng)等網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)入網(wǎng)站。和安全，HTTPS）來(lái)為用戶的網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容提供安全性和隱私性。用戶的應(yīng)用程序，往往是一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器，把它和自己的HTML標(biāo)記指令相一致的網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容顯示到一個(gè)顯示終端。URL的超鏈接傳達(dá)著讀者感知到的網(wǎng)站結(jié)構(gòu)和引導(dǎo)讀者的網(wǎng)站導(dǎo)航。的電子郵件服務(wù)，社交網(wǎng)站和提供實(shí)時(shí)股市數(shù)據(jù)的網(wǎng)站。1．網(wǎng)站的歷史1989年由歐洲核子研究中心的物理學(xué)家蒂姆伯納斯李創(chuàng)立的。在1993年4月30日，歐洲核子研究中心宣布任何人可以自由使用萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)。在引進(jìn)HTML和HTTP之前，其他的協(xié)議比如文件傳輸協(xié)議和gopher協(xié)議通常被的文字處理格式。2．概況按照功能，一個(gè)網(wǎng)站可能分類為：（1）個(gè)人網(wǎng)站（2）商業(yè)網(wǎng)站（3）政府網(wǎng)站6（4）一個(gè)非營(yíng)利性組織的網(wǎng)站它可以是個(gè)人，企業(yè)或其他組織的工作，通常是專注于某些特定的主題或用途。用戶感覺(jué)到的，有時(shí)會(huì)變得模糊。網(wǎng)站是被寫(xiě)入，或者動(dòng)態(tài)地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楸环诸悶橛脩舸淼能浖缑嬖L問(wèn)網(wǎng)站。通過(guò)一系列的計(jì)算機(jī)（其中包括臺(tái)式電腦，問(wèn)網(wǎng)頁(yè)。網(wǎng)站托管在以