邏輯數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計-外文翻譯學(xué)位論文

附錄4外文譯文外文原文Inmanyorganizations,databasedevelopmentfromthebeginningofenterprisedatamodeling,datamodelingenterprisesdeterminethescopeofthedatabaseandthegeneralcontent.Thisstepusuallyoccursinanorganization'sinformationsystemplanningprocess,itaimstohelporganizationscreateanoveralldatadescriptionorexplanation,andnotthedesignofaspecificdatabase.Aspecificdatabaseforoneormoreinformationsystemsprovidedataandthecorporatedatamodel(whichmayinvolveanumberofdatabases)describedbytheorganizationmaintainingthescopeofthedata.Datamodelingintheenterprise,youreviewofthecurrentsystem,theneedtosupportanalysisofthenatureofthebusinessareas,theneedforfurtherdescriptionoftheabstractdata,andplanningoneormoredatabasedevelopmentproject.Figure1showsPineValleyfurniturecompany'senterprisedatamodelofapart.1.1InformationSystemArchitectureAsshowninfigure1,seniordatamodelisonlygeneralinformationsystemarchitecture(ISA)orapartofanorganization'sinformationsystemblueprint.Intheinformationsystemplanning,youcanbuildanenterprisedatamodelasawholeinformationsystemarchitecturepart.AccordingtoZachman(1987),SowaandZachman(1992)viewsofaninformationsystemarchitectureconsistsofthefollowingsixkeycomponents:Data(Figure1shows,butthereareothermethodsthat).Manipulationofdataprocessing(ofadataflowdiagramcanbeused,withtheobjectmodelmethods,orothersymbolsthat).Networks,whichorganizationsandinorganizationswithitsmaintransmissionofdatabetweenbusinesspartners(itcanconnectthroughthenetworktopologymapandtodemonstrate).Peoplewhodealwiththeimplementationofdataandinformationandisthesourceandreceiver(intheprocessmodelforthedatashowsthatthesenderandthereceiver).Implementationoftheeventsandtimepoints(theycanusestatetransitiondiagramandothermeans.)Thereasonsfortheincidentanddataprocessingrules(oftenintheformoftextdisplay,buttherearealsoanumberofchartsfortheplanningtoolssuchasdecisiontables).1.2InformationEngineeringInformationsystemsplannersinaccordancewiththespecificinformationsystemplanningmethodsdevelopedinformationsystemarchitecture.Informationengineeringisapopularandformalmethods.Informationengineeringisadata-orientedcreationandmaintenanceoftheinformationsystem.Informationengineeringisbecausethedata-oriented,sowhenyoubegintounderstandhowthedatabaseisdefinedbythelogoandwheninformationengineeringaconciseexplanationisveryhelpful.InformationEngineeringfollowtop-downplanningapproach,inwhichspecificinformationsystemsfromawiderangeofinformationneedsintheunderstandingderivedfrom(forexample,weneedaboutcustomers,products,suppliers,salesandprocessingofthedatacenter),ratherthanmergingmanydetailedinformationrequested(orderssuchasascreenorinaccordancewiththeimportationofgeographicalsalessummaryreport).Top-downplanningwillenabledeveloperstoplanmorecomprehensiveinformationsystem,considersystemcomponentsprovideanintegratedapproachtoenhancetheinformationsystemandtherelationshipbetweenthebusinessobjectivesoftheunderstanding,deepentheirunderstandingofinformationsystemsthroughouttheorganizationinunderstandingtheimpact.InformationEngineeringincludesfoursteps:planning,analysis,designandimplementation.Theplanningstageofprojectinformationgeneratedinformationsystemarchitecture,includingenterprisedatamodel.1.3InformationSystemPlanningInformationsystemsplanningobjectiveistoenableITorganizationsandthebusinessstrategycloselyintegrated,suchintegrationfortheinformationsystemsandtechnologytomakethemostoftheinvestmentinterestisveryimportant.Asthetableasadescription,informationengineeringapproachtheplanningstageincludethreesteps,weinthefollow-upofthreesectionstheydiscussed.1.CriticalfactorsdeterminingtheplanningPlanningisthekeyfactorthatorganizationalobjectives,criticalsuccessfactorsandproblemareas.Thesefactorsdeterminethepurposeoftheestablishmentofplanningandenvironmentplanningandinformationsystemslinkedtostrategicbusinessplanning.Table2showsthePineValleyfurniturecompany'skeyplanninganumberofpossiblefactors,thesefactorscontributetotheinformationsystemsmanagerforthenewinformationsystemsanddatabasesclubstopprioritytodealwiththedemand.Forexample,giventheimprecisesalesforecaststhisproblemareas,informationsystemsmanagersintheorganizationmaybestoredinthedatabaseadditionalhistoricalsalesdata,newmarketresearchdataandnewproducttestdata.2.TheplanningorganizationssettargetsOrganizationsplanningtargetsdefinedscopeofbusiness,andbusinessscopewilllimitthesubsequentanalysisandinformationsystemsmaychangeplaces.Fivekeyplanningtargetsasfollows:●organizationalunitsinthevarioussectors.●organizationslocationoftheplaceofbusinessoperations.●functionsofthebusinesssupportorganizationshandlingmissionoftherelevantgroup.Unlikebusinessorganizationsfunctionmodules,infactafunctioncanbeassignedtovariousorganizationsmodules(forexample,productdevelopmentfunctionistheproductionandsaleofthecommonresponsibilityoftheMinistry).●typesofentitiesmanagedbytheorganizationonthepeople,placesandthingsofthemajortypesofdata.●InformationSystemdatasetprocessingsoftwareapplicationsandsupportprocedures.2databasedevelopmentprocessBasedoninformationengineeringinformationsystemsplanningdatabaseisasourceofdevelopmentprojects.Thesenewdatabasedevelopmentprojectsisusuallyinordertomeetthestrategicneedsoforganizations,suchasimprovingcustomersupport,improveproductandinventorymanagement,oramoreaccuratesalesforecast.However,manymoredatabasedevelopmentprojectisthebottom-upapproachemerging,suchasinformationsystemuserneedsspecificinformationtocompletetheirwork,thusbeginningaprojectrequest,andasotherinformationsystemsexpertsfoundthatorganizationsneedtoimprovedatamanagementandbeginnewprojects.Bottom-upeveninthecircumstances,tosetupanenterprisedatamodelisalsonecessarytounderstandtheexistingdatabasecanprovidethenecessarydata,otherwise,thenewdatabase,dataentitiesandattributescanbeaddedtothecurrentdataresourcestotheorganization.Boththestrategicneedsoroperationalinformationneedsofeachdatabasedevelopmentprojectsnormallyconcentratedinadatabase.Someprojectsonlyconcentratedinthedatabasedefinition,designandimplementationofadatabase,asafollow-uptothebasisofthedevelopmentofinformationsystems.However,inmostcases,thedatabaseandassociatedinformationprocessingfunctionasacompleteinformationsystemsdevelopmentprojectwaspartofthedevelopment.2.1SystemDevelopmentLifeCycleGuidemanagementinformationsystemdevelopmentprojectsisthetraditionalprocessofsystemdevelopmentlifecycle(SDLC).SystemdevelopmentlifecycleisanorganizationofthedatabasedesignersandprogrammersinformationsystemcomposedofthePanelofExpertsdetaileddescription,development,maintenanceandreplacementoftheentireinformationsystemsteps.ThisprocessisbecauseWaterfallthanforeverystepintotheadjacentthenextstep,thatis,theinformationsystemisaspecificationdevelopedbyapieceofland,everypieceoftheoutputisunderaninput.Howevershowninthefigure,thesestepsarenotpurelylinear,eachofthestepsoverlapintime(andthuscanmanageparallelsteps),butwhentheneedtoreconsiderpreviousdecisions,butalsotorollbacksomestepsahead.(Andthereforewatercanbeputbackinthewaterfall!)Figure4onthesystemdevelopmentlifecycleandthepurposeofeachstageoftheproductcanbedeliveredconcisenotes.Thesystemdevelopmentlifecycleincludingeachstageanddatabasedevelopment-relatedactivities,therefore,thequestionofdatabasemanagementsystemsthroughouttheentiredevelopmentprocess.InFigure5werepeatofthesystemdevelopmentlifecyclestageoftheseven,andoutlinesthecommondatabaseateachstageofdevelopmentactivities.Pleasenotethatthesystemsdevelopmentlifecyclestagesanddatabasedevelopmentsteps一一對應(yīng)existsbetweentherelationshipbetweentheconceptofmodelingdatainbothsystemsdevelopmentlifecyclestagesbetween.ConceptualDataModelingOnehasalreadybegunontheInformationSystemproject,theconceptofdatamodelingphaseoftheinformationsystemsneedsofallthedata.Itisdividedintotwostages.First,itbegantheprojectintheplanningstageandtheestablishmentofaplansimilartoFigure1.Atthesametimeoutliningtheestablishmentofotherdocumentstotheexistingdatabasewithoutconsideringthecircumstancesspecificdevelopmentprojectsinthescopeoftherequireddata.Thiscategoryonlyincludeshigh-leveldata(entities),andmaincontact.Theninthesystemdevelopmentlife-cycleanalysisstagemusthaveamanagementinformationsystemsettheentireorganizationDetailsofthedatamodeldefinitionofalldataattributes,listingalldatatypesthatalldatainter-entitybusinesslinkages,definingdescriptionofthefulldataintegrityrules.Intheanalysisphase,butalsotheconceptofinspectiondatamodel(alsocalledtheconceptbehindthemodel)andthegoalofinformationsystemsusedtoexplainotheraspectsofthemodelofconsistencycategories,suchasprocessingsteps,rulesanddataprocessingtimeoftiming.However,eveniftheconceptissuchdetaileddatamodelisonlypreliminary,becausefollow-upinformationsystemlifecycleactivitiesinthedesignofservices,statements,displayandinquiriesmayfindthatmissingelementormistakes.Therefore,theconceptofdataoftensaidthatmodelingisatop-downmanner,itsareasofoperationfromthegeneralunderstandingofthedriver,ratherthanthespecificinformationprocessingactivitiesbythedriver.3.LogicalDatabaseDesignLogicaldatabasedesignfromtwoperspectivesdatabasedevelopment.First,theconceptofdatamodeltransformintorelationaldatabasetheorybasedonthecriteriathatmeans-between.Then,asthedesignofinformationsystems,everycomputerprocedures(includingproceduresfortheinputandoutputformat),databasesupportservices,statements,andinquiriesrevealedthatadetailedexamination.Inthisso-calledBottom-upanalysis,accurateverificationoftheneedtomaintainthedatabaseandthedataineachaffairs,statementsandsoontheneedsofthoseinthenatureofthedata.Foreachseparatestatements,services,andsoontheanalysismusttakeintoaccountaspecific,limitedbutcompletedatabaseview.Whenstatements,services,andotheranalysismightbenecessarytochangetheconceptofdatamodel.Especiallyinlarge-scaleprojects,thedifferentanalyticalsystemsdevelopmentstaffandtheteamcanworkindependentlyindifferentproceduresorinacentralized,thedetailsoftheirworkuntilallthelogicdesignstagemaybedisplayed.Inthesecircumstances,logicdatabasedesignstagemustbetheoriginalconceptofdatamodelanduserviewtheseindependentormergedintoacomprehensivedesign.Inlogicdesigninformationsystemsalsoidentifyadditionalinformationprocessingneedsofthesenewdemandsatthistimemustbeintegratedintothelogicofearlieridentifiedinthedatabasedesign.Logicaldatabasedesignisbasedonthefinalstepfortheformationofgooddataspecificationsanddeterminetherules,thecombination,thedataafterconsultationspecificationsorconvertedintobasicatomicelement.Mostoftoday'sdatabase,theserulesfromtherelationaldatabasetheoryandtheprocessknownasstandardization.Thisstepistheresultofmanagementofthesedatahavenotcitedanydatabasemanagementsystemforacompletedescriptionofthedatabasemap.Logicaldatabasedesigncompleted,webegantoidentifyindetailthelogicofthecomputerprogramandmaintenance,thereportcontentsofthedatabaseforinquiries.附錄5外文翻譯在許多組織中，數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)是從企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)建模開始的，企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)建模確定了組織數(shù)據(jù)庫的范圍和一般內(nèi)容。這一步驟通常發(fā)生在一個組織進行信息系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃的過程中，它的目的是為組織數(shù)據(jù)創(chuàng)建一個整體的描述或解釋，而不是設(shè)計一個特定的數(shù)據(jù)庫。一個特定的數(shù)據(jù)庫為一個或多個信息系統(tǒng)提供數(shù)據(jù)，而企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)模型（可能包含許多數(shù)據(jù)庫）描述了由組織維護的數(shù)據(jù)的范圍。在企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)建模時，你審查當前的系統(tǒng)，分析需要支持的業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域的本質(zhì)，描述需要進一步抽象的數(shù)據(jù)，并且規(guī)劃一個或多個數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)項目。圖1顯示松谷家具公司的企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)模型的一個部分。1.1信息系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示，高級的數(shù)據(jù)模型僅僅是總體信息系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)(ISA)一個部分或一個組織信息系統(tǒng)的藍圖。在信息系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃期間，你可以建立一個企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)模型作為整個信息系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分。根據(jù)Zachman(1987)、Sowa和Zachman（1992）的觀點，一個信息系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)由以下6個關(guān)鍵部分組成:數(shù)據(jù)（如圖1所示，但是也有其他的表示方法）。操縱數(shù)據(jù)的處理（著系可以用數(shù)據(jù)流圖、帶方法的對象模型或者其他符號表示）。網(wǎng)絡(luò)，它在組織內(nèi)并在組織與它的主要業(yè)務(wù)伙伴之間傳輸數(shù)據(jù)（它可以通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接和拓撲圖來顯示）。人，人執(zhí)行處理并且是數(shù)據(jù)和信息的來源和接收者（人在過程模型中顯示為數(shù)據(jù)的發(fā)送者和接收者）。執(zhí)行過程的事件和時間點（它們可以用狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換圖和其他的方式來顯示）。事件的原因和數(shù)據(jù)處理的規(guī)則（經(jīng)常以文本形式顯示，但是也存在一些用于規(guī)劃的圖表工具，如決策表）。1.2信息工程信息系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃者按照信息系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃的特定方法開發(fā)出信息系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)。信息工程是一種正式的和流行的方法。信息工程是一種面向數(shù)據(jù)的創(chuàng)建和維護信息系統(tǒng)的方法。因為信息工程是面向數(shù)據(jù)的，所以當你開始理解數(shù)據(jù)庫是怎樣被標識和定義時，信息工程的一種簡潔的解釋是非常有幫助的。信息工程遵循自頂向下規(guī)劃的方法，其中，特定的信息系統(tǒng)從對信息需求的廣泛理解中推導(dǎo)出來（例如，我們需要關(guān)于顧客、產(chǎn)品、供應(yīng)商、銷售員和加工中心的數(shù)據(jù)），而不是合并許多詳盡的信息請求（如一個訂單輸入屏幕或按照地域報告的銷售匯總）。自頂向下規(guī)劃可使開發(fā)人員更全面地規(guī)劃信息系統(tǒng)，提供一種考慮系統(tǒng)組件集成的方法，增進對信息系統(tǒng)與業(yè)務(wù)目標的關(guān)系的理解，加深對信息系統(tǒng)在整個組織中的影響的理解。信息工程包括四個步驟:規(guī)劃、分析、設(shè)計和實現(xiàn)。信息工程的規(guī)劃階段產(chǎn)生信息系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)，包括企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)模型。1.3信息系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃信息系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃的目標是使信息技術(shù)與組織的業(yè)務(wù)策略緊密結(jié)合，這種結(jié)合對于從信息系統(tǒng)和技術(shù)的投資中獲取最大利益是非常重要的。正如表1所描述的那樣，信息工程方法的規(guī)劃階段包括3個步驟，我們在后續(xù)的3個小節(jié)中討論它們。1.確定關(guān)鍵性的規(guī)劃因素關(guān)鍵性的規(guī)劃因素是指組織目標、關(guān)鍵的成功因素和問題領(lǐng)域。確定這些因素的目的是建立規(guī)劃的環(huán)境并且將信息系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃與戰(zhàn)略業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)劃聯(lián)系起來。表2顯示了松谷家具公司的一些可能的關(guān)鍵規(guī)劃因素，這些因素有助于信息系統(tǒng)的管理者為新的信息系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)庫社頂優(yōu)先級以處理需求。例如，考慮到不精確的銷售預(yù)測這個問題領(lǐng)域，信息系統(tǒng)的管理者可能在組織數(shù)據(jù)庫中存放額外的歷史銷售數(shù)據(jù)、新的市場研究數(shù)據(jù)和新產(chǎn)品的測試數(shù)據(jù)。2.確定組織的規(guī)劃對象組織規(guī)劃對象定義了業(yè)務(wù)范圍，業(yè)務(wù)范圍會限制后來的系統(tǒng)分析和信息系統(tǒng)可能發(fā)生改變的地方。五個關(guān)鍵的規(guī)劃對象如下所示:●組織單元組織中的各種部門?！窠M織地點業(yè)務(wù)操作的發(fā)生地?！駱I(yè)務(wù)功能支持組織使命的業(yè)務(wù)處理的相關(guān)組。業(yè)務(wù)功能不同于組織單元，事實上一個功能可以分配給多個組織單元（例如，產(chǎn)品開發(fā)功能可能是銷售部和生產(chǎn)部共同的責任）?！駥嶓w類型關(guān)于組織所管理的人，地點和事物的數(shù)據(jù)的主要類別?！裥畔⑾到y(tǒng)處理數(shù)據(jù)集的應(yīng)用軟件和支持程序。2數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)過程基于信息工程的信息系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃是數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)項目的一個來源。這些開發(fā)新數(shù)據(jù)庫的項目通常是為了滿足組織的戰(zhàn)略需求，例如改善客戶支持、提高產(chǎn)品和庫存管理或進行更精確的銷售預(yù)測。然而許多數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)項目更多的是以自底向上的方式出現(xiàn)的，例如信息系統(tǒng)的用戶需要特定的信息來完成他們的工作，從而請求開始一個項目，又如其他信息系統(tǒng)的專家發(fā)現(xiàn)組織需要改進數(shù)據(jù)管理而開始新的項目。即使在自底向上的情況下，建立企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)模型也是必須的，以便理解現(xiàn)有的數(shù)據(jù)庫是否可以提供所需的數(shù)據(jù)，否則，新的數(shù)據(jù)庫、數(shù)據(jù)實體和屬性都應(yīng)該加到當前的組織數(shù)據(jù)資源中去。無論是戰(zhàn)略需求還是操