2023年考研英語模擬題及答案

2023年考研英語模擬題及答案

【完形】

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank

andmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Eveniffamiliesdon'tsitdowntoeattogetherasfrequentlyasbefore,millions

ofBritonswillnonethelesshavegotasharethisweekendofoneofthatnation*s

greattraditions:theSundayroast.1acoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasures

can2it.Yetaswereportnow.Thefoodpolicearedeterminedourhealth.Thatthis

3shouldberenderedyetanotherquiltypleasure4todamageourhealth.

TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has5apublicwormingabouttherisksofa

compoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked6hightemperatures.This

meansthatpeopleshould7crispingtheirroastpotatoes,rejectthin-crustpizzas

andonly8toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchadarmlist

advice?9studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,

thereisno10evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.

Scientistssaythecompoundis11tocausecancerbuthavenohardscientificproof

12theprecautionaryprincipleitcouldbearguedthatitis13tofollowtheFSA

advice.14itwasrumourdedthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbeforetheevidence

wasfoundtoprovea15

Doubtlessapieceofboiledfeefcanalwaysbe16uponSundayalongsidesomesteamed

vegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving?

17,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods18,butreduce

theirlifetimeintake.Howeverits19riskscomingacrossasbeingpushyand

overprotective.Constanthealthscaresjust20withnoonelistening.

1.[A]In[B]Towards[C]on[D]Till

2.[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence

3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment[C]surprise[D]concern

4.[A]intensified[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]guaranteed

5.[A]issued[B]received[C]ignored[D]cancelled

6.[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by

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7.[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid

8.[A]partially[B]regularly[C]easily[D]initially

9.[A]Unless[B]Since[C]If[D]While

10.[A]secondary[B]external[C]conclusive[D]negative

11.[A]insufficient[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow

12.[A]Onthebasisof[B]Atthecostof[C]Inadditionto[D]Incontrastto

13.[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate

14.[A]Asusual[B]Inparticular[C]Bydefinition[D]Afterall

15.[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]pattern

16.[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used

17.[A]Tobefair[B]Forinstance[C]Tobebrief[D]Ingeneral

18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely[C]gradually[D]carefully

19.[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition

20.[A]followup[B]pickup[C]openup[D]endup

答案(1-20)

1.on

2.match

3.enjoyment

4.intensified

5.issued

6.at

7.avoid

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8.easily

9.while

10.conclusive

11.bound

12.onthebasisof

13.advisable

14.afterall

15.connection

16.served

17.tobefair

18.entirely

19.campaign

20.endup

【閱讀】

SectionIIIReadingComprehension

PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach

textbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

AgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwith

acalltoinstituteaUK“townofculture“award.Theproposalisthatitshould

sitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017

andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryforZozl.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthe

successofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin220mofinvestmentandanavalache

ofarts,outnottobeconfinedtocities.Britain'town,itistruearenotprevented

fromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabittobeat

theirbiggercompetitions.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued,becomean

annualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.

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SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolonger

beabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,

asought-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLivorpoolin2008.〃Acynicmight

speculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverof

self-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:

aftertownofculture,whoknowsthatwillfollow-villageofculture?Suburbof

culture?Hamletofculture?

Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun”year

ofculture，zwashesinandoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominencefora

spellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholders

ofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbring

inhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirations

ofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolder

andmoreoptimisticlight.

Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellas

cooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,communitygroupsand

culturalorganisations.Butitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropeancapitalof

culturecancertainlybeseenasoneofcomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturned

thecityintothepowerofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.

A"townofculture“couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonouringatown*s

peculiarities-helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesand

aboveallcelebratingitspeopleandturnitintoaction.

21.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethata"townofculture"awardcould

[A]consolidatethetown-citytiesinBritain.

[B]promotecooperationamongBritain，stowns.

[C]increasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain，stowns.

[D]focusBritain'slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.

22.AccordingtoParagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas

[A]asensiblecompromise.

[B]aself-deceivingattempt.

[C]aneye-cotchingbonus.

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[D]aninaccessibletarget.

23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit

[A]endeavourstomaintainitsimage.

[B]meetstheaspirationsofitspeople.

[C]bringsitslocalartstoprominence.

[D]commitstoitslong-termgrowth.

24.GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3topresent

[A]acontrastingcase.

[B]asupportingexample.

[C]abackgroundstory.

[D]arelatedtopic.

25.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal?

[A]Skeptical

[B]Objective

[C]Favourable

[D]Critical

答案(21-25)

21.DfocusBritain，slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.

22.Baself-deceivingattempt.

23.Dcommitstoitslong-termgrowth.

24.Basupportingexample.

25.CFavourable.

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Text2

Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney,Scientistsneed

journalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithout

monetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalso

forfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandthe

productionofscientificknowledge.

Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfindamarket

foritsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotveryprice

sensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%

ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinan

existentialcrisis.

TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapers

producedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethanf900mlastyear,whileUK

universitiesalonespentmorethanf210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccess

theirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespite

increasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.Themostdrastic,andthoroughly

illegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopier

forscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoevery

paywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-IIub,whichrelieson

researcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegal

ecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatit

worksforallparticipants.

InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfunding

bodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritish

scientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms;eitherfreely

availablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothat

thepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.

Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishers

haverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbycharging

theirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefrom

around500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothof

subscriptionsandofthesearticlepreparationcosts"hadbeensteadilyrisingat

arateaboveinflation.

Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocial

internet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehuge

profitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,we

needarebalancingofpower.

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26.Scientificpublishingisseenas〃alicencetoprintmoney"partlybecause

[A]itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.

[B]itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.

[C]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.

[D]itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.!

27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave

[A]thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.

[B]gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.

[C]revivedthepublishingindustry.

[D]financedresearchersgenerously.

28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?[A]Relieved.

[B]Puzzled.

[C]Concerned.

[D]Encouraged.

29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms

[A]allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.

[B]renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.

[C]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.

[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.

30.Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingmodel?

[A]Trialsubscriptionisoffered.

[B]Labourtriumphsoverstatus.

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[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.

[D]Thefewfeedonthemany.

答案(26-30)

26.Ditscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.

27.Athrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.

28.DEncouraged.

29.Aallowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.

30.DThefewfeedonthemany.

Text3

Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawayto

leveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformof

virtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelp

averagepeople.

ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouse

SpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure“genderparity“onboardsand

commissions,provideacaseinpoint.

HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardare

lessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuch

opportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecome

law,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboard

seatsforwomenby2022.

ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifornia,whichlastyear

becamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigning

themeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpressly

classifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.

TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsexbasedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesigned

toaddressan,important"policyinterest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliesto

allboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikely

torulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof“equalprotection'".

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Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporate

boardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,

butsowhat?

Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithout

governmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015

theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.

Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembership

willinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.Thatisexactlywhat

happenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.

WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberof

opportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomen

toserveonsuchboardshasledtoa"goldenskirt,'phenomenon,wherethesameelite

womenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.

Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,remember

thatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsors

feelgoodbutdolittletohelpaveragewomen.

31.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwill

[A]helplittletoreducegenderbias.

[B]poseathreattothestategovernment.

[C]raisewomen'spositioninpolitics.

[D]greatlybroadencareeroptions.

32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliformiameasure?

[A]Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.

[B]ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt.

[C]ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.

[D]Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.

33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoillustrate

[A]theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.

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[B]theimportanceofconstitutionalguarantees.

[C]thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.

[D]theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.

34.Norway*sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledto

[A]theunderestimationofelitewomen'srole

[B]theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboards.

[C]theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.

[D]thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement.

35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?

[A]Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.

[B]Feasibility,shouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.

[C]Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.

[D]Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.

答案(31-35)

31.Ahelplittletoreducegenderbias.

32.CItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.

33.Dtheneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.

34.Ctheentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.

35.BFeasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.

Text4:

LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimpose

anentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicesto

consumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromproviding

第10頁共18頁

aplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedon

userdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrench

politiciansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa〃GAFAtax,〃meaningthat

itisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,Facebookand

Amazon-inotherwords,multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.

ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,who

hasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenext

fewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUniteSates

traderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminates

againstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainst

France.

TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.

Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesover

thepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternational

taxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain，sDPT(divertedprofitstax).

Australia，sMAAL(multinationalantiavoidance,law),andIndia'sSEP(significant

economicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion.

Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigital

servicestaxes.

Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesigned

totaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhave

arighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inother

words,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeep

upwiththecurrenteconomy.

Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomic

CooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreach

aconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnited

Statesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestax

andtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsforthe

internationaltaxsystem.

France，splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereached

onreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,

andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnations

thatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.

36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto

[A]regulatedigitalservicesplatforms.

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[B]protectFrenchcompaniesinterests.

[C]imposealevyontechmultinationals.

[D]curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.

37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax

[A]maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.

[B]isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.

[C]aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.

[D]willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.

38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthat

[A]redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensured.

[B]thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading.

[C]techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbeprevented.

[D]allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.

39.ItcanbelearnedfromPara5thattheOECO,scurrentwork

[A]isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.

[B]needstobereadjustedimmediately.

[C]isfacedwithuncertainprospects.

[D]needstoininvolvemorecountries.

40.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthistext?

[A]FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctions

[B]FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTax

[C]FranceSays〃N0〃toTechMultinationals

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[D]FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomy

答案(36-40)

36.Cimposealevyontechmultinationals.

37.AmaytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.

38.Bthecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading

39.Cisfacedwithuncertainprospects.

40.BFranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTax

PartBDirections:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choose

themostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.

Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.Markyouranswers

onANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Eyefixactionsarebrief

[B]Toomucheyecontactisinstinctivelyfelttoberude[C]Eyecontactcanbea

friendlysocialsignal

[D]Personalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontact

[E]Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigated[F]Mostpeople

arenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangers

[G]Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.

Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepaying

attentioninafriendlyway,Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapolitical

candidateturnstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontactthat

signalshostility.Here*swhathardsciencerevealsabouteyecontact:Weknowthat

atypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother'seyes,andshewilllook

back.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.

Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbeacomplimentarysign

ofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone'sattentioninacrowdedroom,“Eyecontact

andsmile"cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupported

instudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.

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42.

NeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedtheamount

ofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthe

directionoftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-functioningmen

withsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.Specific

brainregionsthatrespondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,

usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.

43.

Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardKennedySchool

ofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsof

messages,dependingonthesituation.Whileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnection

ortrustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobeassociatedwithdominance

orintimidationinadversarialsituations.Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,

itmightbehelpfultokeepinmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfire

ifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou,〃

saidMinson.

44.

Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,often

ontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,and

theeyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimage,

areregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembled

andperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.

45.

Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimensionassociated

withself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociated

withavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenandcolleagues〃0ur

findingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethecentre

ofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer.〃Amoredirectfindingis

thatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothersfor

shorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnot

lookdirectlyatthem.

答案(41-45)

41.CEyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal

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42.EBiologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigated

43.GEyecontactcanalsobeaggressive

44.AEyefixactionsarebrief

45.DPersonalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontact

PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatethe

underlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(lOpoints)

FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14hcenturyknownas

theRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.It

turnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavoured

amorehumanisticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEurope

wellintothe17hcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarily

amongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.(46)withtheChurch，steachingsand

waysofthinkingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweentheMedievalandmodern

periodshadbeenbridgedleadingtonewandunexploreditellectualterritories.

DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKeplerand

GalileoGalileidemonstratedthepowerofscientificstudyanddiscovery.(47)

Beforeeachoftheirrevelationsmanythinkersatthetimehadsustainedmoreancient

waysofthinking,includingthegeo-centricviewthattheEarthwasathecentreof

ouruniverse.Copernicustheorizedin1543thatalloftheplanetsthatweknewof

revolvednotaroundtheEarth,buttheSun,asystemthatwaslaterupheldbyGalileo

athisownexpense.Offeringupsuchatheoryduringatimeofhightensionbetween

scientificandreligiousmindswasbrandedasheresyandanysuchhereticsthat

continuedtospreadtheseliesweretobepunishedbyimprisonmentorevendeath.

(48)DespiteattemptsbytheChurchtosuppress,thisnewgenerationoflogicians

andrationalists,moreexplanationsforhowtheuniversefunctionedwerebeingmade

ataratethatthepeoplecouldnolongerignore.

Itwaswiththesegreatrevelationsthatanewki