高中英語語法專題：同位語從句講與練.doc

高中英語語法專題：同為語從句講與練一定義：用作同位語的從句叫做同位語從句。二考點(diǎn)：同位語從句的先行詞多為fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞。如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.對你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪兒聽說我不能來？Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德國已對俄國宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來了。注：同位語從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導(dǎo)。如：I have no idea whether hell come or not.我不知道他是否來。連接代詞who, which, what和連接副詞where,when, why, how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語從句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.誰該干這項(xiàng)工作，這個(gè)問題需要考慮。We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪兒去度暑假，這個(gè)問題我們還沒有決定。It is a question how he did it.那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問題。1that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別?that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句；that引導(dǎo)的定語從句。句法功能上：that只起連接從句的作用，無意義。在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。不可省。that替代先行詞在從句中不僅起連接作用，還充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。如在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí)可省略。意義上：從句是被修飾名詞的內(nèi)容。從句起限定作用，是定語如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位語從句，that不可省) 李先生將是我們的新英語老師這個(gè)消息是真的。The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定語從句，that在從句中作的賓語，可省)他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。2一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后所跟的同位語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬語氣should+動(dòng)詞原形表示。should可省。如：This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.這就是我們唯一的請求：盡快解決這個(gè)問題。三同位語從句是名詞性從句(主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句)中的主要從句之一，從句作同位語表示與之同位的名詞(短語)的實(shí)際內(nèi)容，它的作用相當(dāng)于名詞，對前面的名詞(短語)加以補(bǔ)充說明或進(jìn)一步解釋，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表語從句，它們之間的關(guān)系是同位關(guān)系，即主表關(guān)系。注：一個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)對另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾，限定或說明，這個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞的格要一致，并常常緊挨在一起。 1. 名詞作同位語 Mr Wang, my childs teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.王先生，我孩子的老師，星期二要來看我們。 2. 短語作同位語 I, the oldest girl in the family, always had to care for the other children.我，作為家里最大的女孩，老得照料家中的其他孩子。 3. 直接引語作同位語But now the question comes to their minds, “Did she die young because she was a clone?”但是現(xiàn)在他們不得不思考這樣的問題：“多莉早死是因?yàn)樗且恢豢寺⊙騿?？?4. 句子作同位語 The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.巨大的海輪可以開到五大湖，讓表姐妹倆感到吃驚。 四同位語從句用法歸納：同位語部分是個(gè)句子,就是同位語從句,這種用法比較固定 1、在復(fù)合句中用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它一般跟在某些名詞后面，用以說明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容。 I heard the news that our team had won我聽到了我們隊(duì)獲勝的消息。 2、可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。 Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 我從王先生那里來，他讓我告訴你他今天下午不能來看你了。 3、英語中引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞通有連詞 that，whether，連接副詞 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。） He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個(gè)問題。 4、有時(shí)同位語從句可以不緊跟在說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敵人已經(jīng)逃出城了。 五同位語從句-引導(dǎo)詞：同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞語通常有連詞that，whether，連接代詞和連接副詞等。 1. 連詞that引導(dǎo)同位語從句 （注：引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that不能省略） The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你認(rèn)為不動(dòng)腦筋就能做好這件工作的想法是完全錯(cuò)誤的。（作idea的同位語） 【注意1】在某些名詞(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位語從句要用虛擬語氣 There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一項(xiàng)建議是布朗應(yīng)該離隊(duì)。 【注意2】引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連詞that通常不省略，但在非正式文體中也可以省去。 He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱，給人的印象是他要登上飛往東京的飛機(jī)了。 2. 連詞whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句 （注：if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句） The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 我們是否請專家由家庭醫(yī)生來定。 【注意】whether 可引導(dǎo)同位語從句，但if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。 其它引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的同位語從句 連接代詞what, who, whom, whose, which引導(dǎo)同位語從句 1).I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿幾號的鞋。（what作定語） 2).I have no idea which wine is bestits a matter of personal taste.我不知道哪種酒最好，這是個(gè)人口味的問題。（which作定語） 3).The question who will take his place is still not clear. （who作主語） 4. 連接副詞引導(dǎo)同位語從句連接副詞when, where, how, why We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪兒去度暑假，這個(gè)問題我們還沒有決定。 六同位語從句-相關(guān)語法（一）、同位語從句在句中的位置 1.一般情況下同位語從句跟在某些名詞(如news，idea，fact，promise，hope，message等)的后面，用以說明該名詞所表達(dá)的具體內(nèi)容。 Ive come from Mr Wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon.我從王先生那邊得知一個(gè)消息，他說他今天下午不能來看你了。 2.有時(shí)同位語從句可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后，而被別的詞語隔開，在語法上叫做分隔式同位語從句。 The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.她突然想起可能在她離開家時(shí)沒把門關(guān)上。 （二）、同位語從句前名詞的數(shù) 同位語從句前的名詞通常用單數(shù)形式，并且往往帶有限定詞(word除外)加以修飾。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你在哪兒聽說我不能來？ （三）、同位語從句的語氣 在suggestion，advice，request，order等意為“建議；命令；要求”的名詞后，同位語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞通常用“should +動(dòng)詞原形”的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)，句中的should可以省略。 Our teacher gave us some advice how we(should)use the computer.老師給我們提出了一些如何使用電腦的建議。 （四）、同位語從句的先行詞 同位語從句的先行詞通常是抽象名詞，常見的有：idea, situation thought, fact, evidence, belief, doubt, fear, hope, question, theory, news, order, ability等等。 How did the cheats explain the fact that the Emperor didnt feel the new clothes in him? 皇帝覺得身上并沒有穿上新衣，對這個(gè)問題騙子是怎樣解釋的? 代詞it可用作同位語從句的先行詞。這個(gè)it常放在某些動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞后作賓語，同時(shí)兼作其后that同位語從句的先行詞。 I owe it to you that I am still alive. 幸虧你，我現(xiàn)在還活著。 有的語法學(xué)家把先行詞it后的that從句看作是動(dòng)詞或介詞的真正賓語。一般認(rèn)為，這種it后的that 從句應(yīng)看作it的同位語，因?yàn)樗喈?dāng)于“主語+be+表語”結(jié)構(gòu)。 You must se to it that the children dont catch cold.(=You must see to it, and It is that the children dont catch cold.)你要當(dāng)心，別讓孩子們著涼了。 七同位語從句-語法區(qū)別：與定語從句的的語法區(qū)別： 1意義的不同 同位語從句是用于說明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的，它與被修飾詞語通?？梢詣澋忍?；而定語從句是限制所修飾名詞的，它的作用是將所修飾的名詞與其他類似的東西區(qū)別開來： We are glad at the news that he will come. 聽到他要來這個(gè)消息我們很高興。(news的內(nèi)容就是that he will come，故that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句) We are glad at the news that he told us. 聽到他告訴我們的這個(gè)消息我們很高興。(that從句是限制the news的內(nèi)容的，即我們高興只是因?yàn)樗嬖V的這個(gè)news而不是其他的news，故that從句為定語從句) 2. 引導(dǎo)詞的不同 what, how, if, whatever 等可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，但不引導(dǎo)定語從句。 3. 引導(dǎo)詞的功能上的不同 that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，它不充當(dāng)句子成分，而引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，它作為關(guān)系代詞，要么充當(dāng)定語從句的主語，要么充當(dāng)定語從句的賓語。如上例 that he told us中的that就充當(dāng)told的賓語。 4. 被修飾詞語的區(qū)別 同位語從句所修飾的名詞比較有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定語從句所修飾的名詞則非常廣泛。 另外，when和where 引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，通常只修飾表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的名詞，而它們引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)卻不一定；又如why引導(dǎo)定語從句，它通常只修飾名詞the reason，而它引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)則不一定： I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他們什么時(shí)候來。(同位語從句) Ill never forget the days when I lived there. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我住在那兒的日子。(定語從句） 八同位語從句-特殊形式1.間隔同位語從句 同位語從句通常是跟在它解釋或說明的名詞后，但有些情況下，由于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的原因，同位語從句不緊跟在名詞后，而被其他的詞隔開。 A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday 簡析：由于that從句太長，為避免句子失去平衡，此處用了間隔同位語從句 2.suggestion,request和order等名詞后的同位語從句用虛擬語氣。 She made a request that the doctor(should)be sent for at once.她請求立即請醫(yī)生來。 簡析：suggestion，order，request，proposal，requirement，command，advice，proposition和recommendation等名詞后接同位語從句時(shí)，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”的形式，其中should一詞可省略。 3.短語及固定句式后的同位語從句 I will come on condition that John is invited.如果約翰也被邀請的話，我就來。 簡析：短語On condition, on supposition, on the ground(s), on the understanding, with the exception, in spite of the fact, on the assumption及句式There BE+no doubt(hope,chance,possibility,)后的that從句為同位語從句。 例句：1 I have a dream that one day, all roads will be made plain. 2 We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal. 3 Some people hold the opinion that the Internet is a curse. 4 Museums play a role of education for the simple reason that they provide people with a good Opportunity to have a deeper understanding of their own countrys tradition and cultures. 練 習(xí) 一用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空：It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray.2.I have no idea _ we can do with these waste materials.3._the doctor really doubts is_my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.4.It is hoped_nature will never be destroyed.5._do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?6.- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. - Is that _ you had a few days off?7. Word came_I was wanted at the office.8.Do you know _of them will be our new headmaster?9.The teacher didnt tell me _we were wrong.10. Its generally considered unwise to give a child _he or she wants.B.單項(xiàng)選擇It was true _ Alice did surprised her mother.A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that2. Does _matter much _he cant come to the meeting.A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether3.-What are you anxious about? - _A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed 4.The reason _the little actress has been such a success is _she is both clever and hard-working.A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because5. _leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person 6.I really dont know _I had this photo taken.A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why 7.? Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I cant remember _.A. where B. there C. which D. that 8.-What do you think of China? -_different life is today from _it used to be.A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that 9.Give this to _you think can do the work well. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever 10._troubles me is _I cant learn all these English idioms by heart. A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that 練 習(xí) 二 1.The fact _ she works hard is well known to us all. A.that B.what C.why D