非謂語動詞.doc

非謂語動詞非謂語動詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動詞: A: 是動詞的特殊形式，有時態(tài)、語態(tài)的變化；功能可分為1、2、3；B: 不受制于主語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化C：種類動名詞（1起名詞作用）非謂語動詞動詞不定式（3起名詞、形容詞、副詞作用）分詞（2起形容詞、副詞作用）現(xiàn)在分詞（表主動、進行）過去分詞（表被動、完成）動名詞動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征、有時態(tài)語態(tài)變化，又具有名詞的句法功能，在句中做主語、賓語、表語、 定語 時態(tài)語態(tài)主動式被動式一般式 （謂語動詞同時發(fā)生）doingbeing done完成式 （謂語動詞發(fā)生之前）having donehaving been done否定式：not + 動名詞 邏輯主語：物主代詞（有時用賓格代詞）、名詞所有格（有時用名詞普通格） Eg. 1 .He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old（賓語、完成式）2. His not being praised upset him a lot.（主語、被動式）3. In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. （表語） 4.He cant walk without a walking-stick（定語）5.The cave, his hiding-place is secret （同位語）動名詞的習慣用法（1）要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承認），deny（否認）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒險）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, preventkeepstop(from), ,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like、 have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth 、have a good/great/wonderful time doing sthno use no good no fun Its + a shame + doing a waste of time/money useless dangerous There is no + doing. eg: There is no joking about the matter.There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth（4）主動形式表被動含義:want (需要) doing need (需要) require (需要) Sb Sth. + stand (經(jīng)受) + bear (忍受) be + past (超過) be worth (值得) to be done be + in need of (需要) e.g.The boy needs taking good care of= The boy needs to be taken good care of . 比較 The boy needs to have a good rest This pair of shoes is past mending.The problem is in need of working out. The question is well worth discussing動詞不定式動詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。 否定式：not /never + (to) do 邏輯主語：offor sb+to do sth以do為例，動詞不定式的構(gòu)成如下： 時態(tài)/語態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般時to do to be done進行時to be doingto be being done完成時to have doneto have been done完成進行時to have been doing（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之后. 例如： The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求馬上手術(shù)。 The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老師要求完成工作。 （2）進行式：不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假裝工作得很努力。（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：I happened to have been taken to the cinema. 我偶然被帶去過電影院。（4）完成進行時：不定式的完成進行式表示謂語動作之前一直在進行的動作，to + have been + v-ing ，例如：The battle was said to have been going on for two days.不定式的句法功能：（1）作主語 To lose your heart means failure.動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，真正的主語不定式置于句后常用句式有：1、It+be+名詞+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容詞+of for sb +to do。 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示贊揚或批評的形容詞，不定式前的邏輯主語用of sb 。（2）作表語：He appears to have caught a cold.（3）作賓語：常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, afford,agree,arrange,plan,forgetEg. How did you manage to finish it so soon?如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補足語后面，常見的詞有：think feel expect make suppose imagine 例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語，如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 有些動詞常用代疑問詞的不定式作賓語，例如：teach,remember,advise,show,advise,show,know,forget,learn,understand,see,hear,find out,explain,decide,discuss等動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English.They havent decided when to leave so far. （4）作賓語補足語： 在復合賓語中，動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語，補充說明作賓語的名詞或代詞的動作或狀態(tài)，如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite, invite, warn, expect, prefer, encourage等Their parents prefer them to be home early.My parents dont allow me to go out at night.（5）作定語： 動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關系： 1.動賓關系： I have a meeting to attend. 注意：不定式為不及物動詞時，所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等，應有必要的介詞，如： He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. What did you open it with? 如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. 如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者，不定式可用主動式也可用被動式： Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么東西嗎？ (你自己去送)Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么東西需要送嗎？ （別人替你送） 2.被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語： He is the first to get here. 6）作狀語： 表目的，常譯成 為了 ，不定式一般放在被修飾詞之后，但為了強調(diào)目的也可放在句首。為了加強語氣，還可用in order to 或so as to.We should do whatever we can to help them.We took an umbrella so as not to get wet.注意不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried every means. wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.表結(jié)果(往往是與預期愿望相反的結(jié)果)： only to do sthHe arrived late only to find the train had gone. I visited him only to find him out. 表原因： They were very sad to hear the news. 表程度： Its too dark for us to see anything. The question is simple for him to answer. （7）作獨立成分： To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.不定式省略to的幾種情況： （1）在cannot but, cannot choose but 與cannot help but 之后的不定式一般都不帶to, 常翻譯為“不得不”。例如： I cant but admire her courage. 我不能不欽佩她的勇氣。 He cant choose but do it. 他只好做這件事了。 I cant help but love her. 我不禁愛上了她。 （2）在連詞but之前如有動詞do, 其后的不定式不用to, 即：do nothing but+動詞原形，譯為“只”；但如果連詞but之前的動詞不是do，其后的不定式一般要帶to，例如： He does nothing but complain. The workers do nothing but drink tea and talk to each other. He had no choice but to accept the fact. (3) 有些動詞如make, let, have等使役動詞后用作賓語補足語的不定式必須省略to 如： He had his son clean the car. Rain makes plants grow. 當使役動詞用于被動語態(tài)時，要補上在主動語態(tài)中省略的to (主要指make)， He was made to work long hours. (4)在see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch 等感官動詞后用作賓語補足語的不定式必須省略to. She noticed the man look at her a couple of times. I felt something crawl up my arm. 注：若這些動詞用于被動語態(tài)或不定式用于完成式，其后的不定式要帶to，如： I noticed her to have come early. He was seen to enter the building. 注：若動詞feel后用作賓語補足語的不定式為to be, 則要帶to, 如 They felt the plan to be unwise. (5)在動詞help后用作賓語或賓語補足語的不定式可以不帶to, I helped him (to) repair his bike. 當help用于被動語態(tài)時，不定式前的to不能省。 The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins. （6）不定式的并列：第二個不定式可省略to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. （7）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動詞。 If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. 不定式用主動表示被動的幾種常見情形 （1）不定式to blame, to let用作表語時，通常要用主動表被動。如： The house is to let. 此屋出租。 Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one to blame （2）某些”be+adj+to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式通常要用主動形式表示被動意義。如： The book is difficult to understand. The work is impossible to finish in a week. 注：這類結(jié)構(gòu)的特點是句子主語就是其后不定式的邏輯賓語，按理說其中的不定式要用被動形式，但習慣上卻要用主動表被動。這類形容詞常見的有awkward, convenient,dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant 等。 （3）在tooto do sth和enough to do sth這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)中，若句子主語與其后的不定式to do sth為被動關系，則該不定式通常用主動形式表示被動意義（但有時也可直接用被動式）。如： The writing is too faint to read (to be read). 這筆跡太模糊，看不清。 These boxes are not strong enough to use (to be used) as a platform.注意 ： 句型：cannot help but do sth cannot but do sth cannot choose but do sth can do nothing but do sth have no choice/alternative but to do sth上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。其共同的特點是都有一個否定詞和but。如：Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能，在句中做表語、定語、狀語、補語。1現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：現(xiàn)在及 物 動 詞 write不及物動詞go分詞主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)一般式writingbeing writtengoing完成式having writtenhaving been writtenhaving gone否定式：not + 現(xiàn)在分詞（1）現(xiàn)在分詞的主動語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動語態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語。e.g.They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業(yè)，他開始打籃球。（2）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)：一般式（being done）表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的被動的動作，完成式（having been done）表示發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前的被動的動作。e.g.The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告訴了好幾遍，這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。2現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能（1）作定語：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞后。e.g.In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來的幾年中，他學習更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。現(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當于一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.（2）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語：e.g.The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心?！癰e + doing”既可能表示現(xiàn)在進行時，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，它們的區(qū)別在于“be + doing”表示進行的動作是進行時，而表示特征時是系動詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。（3）作賓語補足語以下動詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。e.g.Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。（4）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語作時間狀語e.g.(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工廠工作時，他是一名先進工人。作原因狀語e.g.Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。作方式狀語，表示伴隨e.g.He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。作條件狀語e.g.(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就會浪費寶貴的時間。作結(jié)果狀語：e.g.He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。作讓步狀語 e.g.Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。過去分詞過去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則 過去分詞的句法功能： 1過去分詞作定語： Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。 Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。 注意當過去分詞是單詞時，一般用于名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做 定語相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。 2過去分詞作表語： The window is broken. 窗戶破了。 They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。 注意：be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動的動作是被動語態(tài)。區(qū)別： The window is broken.（系表） The window was broken by the boy.（被動） 有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構(gòu)成的，不表示被動，只表示完成。如： boiled water（開水） fallen leaves（落葉） newly arrived goods（新到的貨） the risen sun（升起的太陽） the changed world（變了的世界） 這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 3過去分詞作賓語補足語： I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。 4過去分詞作狀語： Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到鄰居們的表揚，他成為父母的驕傲。（表示原因） Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。（表示時間） Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. 如果給予更多的時間，我能做得更好。（表示條件） Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 雖然被告之有危險，他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。（表示讓步） Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼，他走進山洞。 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Independent Genitive）有兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，后一部分是非謂語動詞(不定式、動名詞和分詞)或形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關系。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中做狀語，多用于書面語。 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等。形式:1.名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主謂關系。如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him，表原因), he didnt know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits，表條件), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。 2.名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間是動賓關系。如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved，表時間), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken，表原因), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。 3.名詞/主格代詞+不定式名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關系，且強調(diào)的是一次具體性的動作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后，一個回了家，一個去了書店。 4.名詞/主格代詞+形容詞如： An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難，無一人生還。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會議不得不取消。 5.名詞/主格代詞+副詞如： The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了。 6.名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語如： The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。 7. There being +名詞（代詞）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。 8. It being +名詞（代詞）9. 如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機關都休息。 10. It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。* 注意固定結(jié)構(gòu)的分詞獨立成分作狀語：現(xiàn)在分詞獨立成分一般已形成固定結(jié)構(gòu)，表示說話人對說話內(nèi)容所持的態(tài)度或看問題的態(tài)度。e.g.Generally speaking, we dont agree with you. 一般說來，我們不同意你的看法。Considering his age, the child reads quite well. 鑒于他的年齡，這個孩子讀得相當好。Judging from what you say, h