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知識改變命運,學習成就未來高中英語詞語辨析(二十一)rather than,other than,would rather(.than)rather than是連詞,前后兩端所連的詞性是一致的,通常譯為“而不是”或“與其說是不如說是”,有時可用短語介詞instead of替代。例如:He was engaged in writing a letter rather than(= instead of) reading the newspaper.他那時是在寫信而不是看報紙。John ought to go rather than(= instead of) Jean.應該去的是約翰,而不是吉恩。These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.這些鞋子談不上漂亮,但穿起來倒很舒服。Evans is a historian rather than a writer.埃文斯與其說是個作家,不如說是個史學家。other than有兩種意思:一是用來表示否定意義,即“不同于(= different from),非(= not);二是用來表示排除意義,即“除了”,相當于except。例如:The truth is quite other than what you think.事實真相和你們想的完全不一樣。They are patriotic and support socialism, although many of them come from other than working class families.他們是愛國的,是擁護社會主義的,盡管他們當中有許多人并非出身于工人階級家庭。She can hardly be other than grateful.她除了感激之外還能怎么樣呢。He has visited every country in Asia other than Japan.除了日本之外,他訪問了所有的亞洲國家。 would rather表示選擇或主觀上的愿望,其中的would亦可解作had。它表示“寧愿,寧可”的意思。如果要把取舍的雙方都表達出來,則應該用would (or: had) rather than,表示“寧愿也不”的意思。例如:My aunt invited me to the movies, but I said I had rather go on a picnic with the girls.我的姑媽邀請我去看電影,可是我說我倒愿意跟女孩子們一起去野餐。I am sure they would (or: had) rather die than give up.我深信他們一定會寧死不屈。He would rather resign than take part in such a dishonest transaction.他寧愿辭職,也不愿參與那樣不誠實的交易。注意:would rather 后亦可接that從句,that通常省略,從句中用動詞用過去時形式表示虛擬。 would rather.than的連詞than后亦可接that從句。例如:I would (or: had) rather he came on Monday.我寧愿他星期一來。I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell one lie.我寧愿丟失一打櫻桃樹也不愿聽你說一句謊話。 reach at與reach for 這兩個詞組都有“伸手去拿(?。钡囊馑迹x有所不同。 reach at的意思是“伸手企圖去觸摸或達到(try to touch or attain by reaching)。例如:He reached at the flowers in my hand.他伸手想觸摸我手中的花。She reached at the glass, but it had dropped.她想把那個玻璃杯子抓住,但還是掉下去了。 reach for沒有“企圖”的含義,它指一般意義上的“伸手去拿(?。┠撤N具體的實物”。例如:The boy stood on tiptoe and reached for the map on the wall.男孩踮著腳,伸出手去拿墻上的地圖。Then, reaching for a pencil, he wrote down his telephone number.然后,他伸手拿了支鉛筆,寫下了他的電話號碼。 refer to與refer.to refer to中的refer是不及物動詞,與介詞to一起構成及物動詞詞組。它主要有三種意思:1.查閱,參考書 2. 指.而言,適用于 3.提到,提及。例如:In this connection, please refer to our letter of May 6.關于這個問題,請參閱我們五月六日的來信。Here he was referring to two different world outlooks.這里他所說的是兩種不同的宇宙觀。The author referred to his teacher twice in his essay.作者在文章中兩次提及他的老師。refer to 中的refer是及物動詞,to為介詞,它主要有兩種意思:1.“把提交給”,to后接組織,團體等名詞 2.“把歸功于”,相當于owe to。例如:The Local Court decided to refer the case to the High Court.地方法院決定把這案件提交高級法院處理。They referred their success to the correct leadership of the Party.他們把取得的成就歸功于黨的正確領導。 regret doing與regret to do regret doing是指“做了某事而感到遺憾或后悔”的意思,即v-ing 的動作發(fā)生在regret的動作之前。有時v-ing用完成形式。例如:She regretted missing the train.她為沒有趕上火車而感到懊惱。I regretted having left the work unfinished.我為沒有完成這件工作而感到有些遺憾。 regret to do是指當時或現(xiàn)在“遺憾地做某事”。盡管regret在這兒是動詞,但常譯為副詞的意思,相當于regretfully。例如:The comrade regretted to inform us that Xiao Lin had been severely injured.那位同志遺憾地通知我們,小林受了重傷。I regret to tell you that we cannot stay here any longer.我遺憾地告訴你,我們不能再在這兒多呆了。 reply,answer,respond reply:“回答,答復”,正式用語,指以書面形式答復,也指用行動回擊,在辯論中回敬。除了后面帶直接引語和that引導的賓語從句外,一般只作不及物動詞。常用作擬人化,常用詞組:in reply to回答,答復。I answered your letter by sending a postcard last Sunday and have been waiting for time to reply to it.上周我寄了一張明信片來回復你的信,此后一直等時間復信。Do you intend to reply to this attack on your character?對這種對你品行的攻擊你打算回敬嗎? answer:“回答,答復”,普通用詞,常指口頭回答問題,答復爭論或指責,或要求給予辯護,in answer to回答,響應。Usually you use words to answer a question but not always. You might answer by shaking your head or shrugging your shoulder.通常你用言語回答問題,但并不是總這樣,你可以搖頭或聳肩以示回答。These figures were given in answer to the question from the opposition spokesman.列舉這些數(shù)字是為了答復反對黨發(fā)言人的質問。respond:“反應,響應”,指通過口頭或行動做出相關反應,并且常常是即刻地或毫不猶豫地做出反應。I should like to respond to my opponents remarks about the governments actions.對于我的對手就政府所采取的行動所說的那番話,我愿意做出答復。Is it true that antiquated legal ideas prevent the government from respondingeffectively to the demands which modern society makes up to it?過時的法律觀點真的會妨礙政府對當代社會向其提出的要求做出積極的反應嗎?When Martin insulted the referee, he responded by ordering him off the field.馬丁辱罵裁判時,裁判以令其退出比賽場地作為答復。 responsibility,duty,obligation responsibility:“責任“,一般由于法律,職業(yè)或道德等要求而必須盡的責任,而且含有要對后果負責任的意思。常用短語有:accept/ assume/ take the responsibility 任但責任、負責任;decline all responsibility about拒絕對負任何責任。例如:I will lend you my camera if you will assume full responsibility for it.如果你能負完全責任,我愿把照相機借給你。The manufactures disclaim all responsibility for damage caused by misuse.使用不當而造成的損壞,生產(chǎn)廠家不負任何責任。 duty:“義務,責任,職責”,通常強調由于道德、倫理、法律規(guī)定等而產(chǎn)生對自己及他人乃至社會的義務或責任,還指在工作中應盡的責任(常用復數(shù))。例如:The delivery on confidential letters was a duty that he never relegated to anybody else.他從未把投遞機密信件的責任推給任何其他人。The first thing to do is to acquaint yourself with your new duties and colleagues.第一件要做的事情就是熟悉你的新職務和同事。obligation:“必須履行的義務、負擔、責任”,強調由于現(xiàn)實的壓力如諾言、誓言、契約、法律及社會習慣的約束而對他人應盡的義務或應當承擔的責任。常用短語有:fulfill an obligation 履行義務;express sbs deep obligation to 向.表示深切謝意;a matter of obligation 義不容辭的責任。例如:Im under obligation to Professor Hawkins for some useful criticisms upon the first edition of this book.我感激霍金斯教授對于本書初次出版的若干有益的批評。It was plain that Green was carrying out what he regarded as a fixed obligation.很明顯,格林當時正在盡一種他認為是不可推卸的義務。 reserve,conserve,preserve reserve:“保留,保存”,指儲藏或保留座位,物品,問題,意見,權利等留待以后需要時再用或指限制目前或他人使用。例如:reserve (ones strength) oneself for the next battle 養(yǎng)精蓄銳以利再戰(zhàn);all rights reserved 版權所有,不得翻印。This is the force of will which had enabled her to reserve the fund intact.正是這種意志力使她能夠不動用???。Its well known to all of us that the runners should reserve some of their energy for the final sprint. 眾所周知,運動員應為最后的沖刺保留一些體力。 conserve:“保存,保重”,指為了避免不必要的或過多的變化、損失、損耗而采取措施加以保護,而且通常表示保存得完好無損。例如:In my opinion, our constitutional can be conserved only by an intelligent electorates.依我看,憲法權威只能由有才智的選民來維護。John slipped his coffee, made from his carefully conserved supply brought with him from England.約翰慢慢地品嘗他從英國帶來的并保存得很好的咖啡。preserve:“保護、防護、維護、維持、保存”,強調防御破壞的含義,指采用某些方法以保持某物的存在不受損毀,破壞,還指用各種方法防止食物腐爛。如:There is nothing like routine and regularity for preserving ones peace of mind.日常事物和規(guī)律性活動最能保持人的心境平衡。We have done our best to make repairs and preserve these cultural relics and historical sites.我們已盡了最大努力來修理和保護這些文物古跡。 respective,respectful,respectable 這三個形容詞都是由動詞respect分別加后綴派生而來的,在含義和用法上是有區(qū)別的。 respective是“各自的,個別的,分別的”的意思,只用作定語,而且?guī)缀蹩偸切揎棌蛿?shù)可數(shù)名詞。例如:Go to your respective places.各就各位。My husband and I are each going to visit our respective mothers.我丈夫和我都分別準備去看望我們各自的母親。He and I contributed the respective sums of six dollars and four dollars.他和我分別捐了六美元和四美元。 respectful是表示:“尊敬(或尊重)的(showing respect)”的含義,可作定語或表語。作定語時,所修飾的名詞一般是非生物名詞,句中的主語只能是人。例如:When he raised the problem, she kept a respectful silence.當他提出那個問題時,她恭敬地保持著沉默。The boy were well mannered and respectful toward grown-ups.那些男孩們彬彬有禮,尊敬長輩。 respectable:“值得尊敬;受敬重的”意思,含被動的意味,可用作定語或表語,其所修飾的名詞或句中的主語應該是人。它還可形容人“名聲好的;正派的”,或指某種東西是“尚可的,質量還不錯的”等意思。例如:He is a respectable old cadre.他是一位可敬的老干部。How dare you talk to a respectable woman like that?你怎么可以對一個受人尊敬的婦女說那樣的話?What he did is not quite respectable.他做的事不很正派。His work is respectable but not outstanding.他的工作干得不錯,但還不算突出。 responsible for與responsible to 這兩個詞組中responsible是形容詞,一般多用在連系動詞be后面作表語。兩個詞組均表示“對負責”的意思,但用法有別。responsible for后接表示事物的名詞或動名詞,表示“對某事負責”的意思。此外,在主語與介詞賓語都是事物名詞時,其主語和賓語常含有因果關系,翻譯時則要靈活對待。例如:The pilot of the plane is responsible for the passengers safety.飛機駕駛員應對旅客的安全負責。The bad weather is responsible for the small attendance.由于天氣惡劣,所以出席人數(shù)不多。The gale was responsible for the ship being 36 hours late.大風使該船晚點三十六小時。 responsible to后接表示人的名詞或代詞,表示“對某人負責”的意思。例如:We must be responsible to the people.我們應該對人民負責。Their duty is to hold themselves responsible to the children.他們的責任是對孩子們負責。 這兩個詞組可合并在一起,構成responsible to sb. for (doing) sth.結構,表示“為所做的事或受托的事向某人或某團體負責”。例如:I am responsible to the parents for the childs safety.我要為這個孩子的安全對他的父母負責。 result from與result in 這兩個詞組均為動介型短語,均表示主語和介詞賓語之間的一種因果關系,但其在用法上是不同的。result from意指“是的結果,由于而發(fā)生”,即主語表示結果,介詞from的賓語則表示原因,即主語的結果是由賓語的原因引起的。result in意指“結果是,導致;結果造成”,其主語表示原因,介詞in的賓語則表示結果,即主語的原因導致或造成了賓語的結果。試比較以下兩句的轉換: His death resulted from an overdose of drugs.他的死是由于服用藥物過量引起的。These measures resulted in a great victory.由于采取了這些措施,結果打了一個大勝仗。 run out, run out of 這兩個詞組都有“用完”的意思,但用法不同。 run out是動副型短語動詞,作不及物動詞,表示“被用完了(become used up)”的被動含義,其主語通常是時間、金錢、食物等無生命名詞。例如:His money soon ran out.他的錢很快就花完了。damage,harm,hurt,injure,spoil乍看這幾個詞,覺得意思都差不多。它們都有“損害,傷害,破壞”的意思。其實,它們之間還是有不同的。damage: “毀壞,損壞”,主要指造成價值,效用,完整性方面的損壞。例如:Mr. Smith, I wonder if we could arrange a talk about the damaged cargo sometime.史密斯先生,我們能不能安排個時間商談破損貨物的問題。The water they had thrown over everything to put out the fire damaged the books.為了滅火,他們把水往一切東西上潑,把書也損壞了。harm: “損害,傷害”,詞義具體,強調帶來損失,病痛或痛苦。Though he knows clearly that smoking harms his health, he simply cannot give it up.雖然他很清楚吸煙對身體有害,但他就是戒不了。hurt: “疼痛,傷害”,尤其指感情或身體遭受創(chuàng)傷。Nothing hurts more than a bad tooth, so he had to go to the dentist to have it pulled out.沒有比牙齒壞了更疼痛的了,所以他不得不找牙醫(yī)拔掉那顆壞牙。My little boy fell off a ladder and hurt himself.我的兒子從樓梯上摔了下來,把自己摔傷了。injure: “傷害,損害”,一般常指不公正地對待或冤屈某人,即有意識地侵害別人的權利或毀壞別人的健康、成就等,也可以指外表、健康、安逸等遭受破壞。The gas polluted the surroundings and injured the health of workers and residents of the area.這種氣體污染環(huán)境,損害工人和該地區(qū)居民的健康。spoil: 有強烈的“毀壞,毀滅”之意。指不僅造成價值,精力,興致的“損傷”,還意味著可能造成某種毀滅或徹底破壞,也有“寵壞”的意思。John joined the party and spoiled the pleasure of everyone by his impolite behavior.約翰參加了這個晚會,他的不禮貌行為破壞了大家的興致。Quarreling completely spoiled the dinner, which broke up in discord.爭吵完全破壞了了宴會的氣氛,結果宴會不歡而散。I do hate to spoil your fun, but Ive got something urgent to tell you.我真不愿掃了你的興,但我有緊急的事必須告訴你。dare not與dont daredare是“敢”的意思,它既可作情態(tài)動詞,也可作實義動詞。dare not中的dare是情態(tài)動詞,后接動詞原形。dare作為情態(tài)動詞,其過去式為dared。 如:I dare not think of it.我不敢想這事。He dared not go near the woods in the daytime.白天,他不敢到灌木叢附近去。作為情態(tài)動詞的dare除用于否定句外,還可用于疑問句和條件句,但不能用于肯定句。 如可以說 Dare you say so before your parents?和Jump now if you dare,但不可以說I dare touch it.dont dare中的dare是實義動詞,后面要接動詞不定式。如:I did not dare to move.我不敢動。He had never dared to ask her to go anywhere with him.他從來不敢要求她跟他去任何地方。作為實義動詞的dare與其它實義動詞一樣,可以用于肯定句,疑問句和條件句等。如:She dared to go there alone.她敢一個人去那里。Do you dare to come here?你敢一個人來這兒嗎?dare與普通實義動詞的不同之處在于:在否定句和疑問句中,dare后的不定式往往可以省去 to。如:He didnt dare (to) say that to my face. 他不敢當面對我說這些。Do you dare (to) climb that high mountain? 你敢爬那座高山嗎?dangerous與in dangerdangerous是形容詞,意為“危險的”, 指一切能或者可能引起危險的人或事物等,有對某人或某事物構成威脅的意味。例如:He is a dangerous person.他是一個危險的人物。It is dangerous to smoke.吸煙是危險的。in danger是一個介詞短語,意為“處于危險中”,在句中作表語,其后還可以跟of短語。在使用中,danger可由形容詞great, real等修飾。其反義語是out of danger。如:The sick mans life had been in danger, but now he was out of danger.病人的生命曾處于危險之中,現(xiàn)在已脫離危險。He is in great danger of losing all his money if he continues to buy useless objects.如果他繼續(xù)買這些無用的東西,他就有失去所有錢財?shù)奈kU。date與day這兩個詞都表示“日,天”的意思,但它們之間是有區(qū)別的。date通常指具體的日期,一般以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。它包括某年、某月、某日。因此,在回答 Whats the date? 或Whats the date today?的問句時,應該把年、月、日全部說出。Whats the date today? 今天幾號?Its June 4,1992. 今天是1992年6月4日。day主要用來泛指日子,a day是“一天”的意思。days是“一些日子”的意思。在問“星期幾”時,應該用它。如:What day is today? 今天星期幾?Its Friday. 今天星期五。deadly與deathlydeadly和deathly都可作形容詞,表示“死一般地”,指死的表象。如:The deadly/deathly silence filled the meeting-room.會議室里一片沉默,沒有一點聲音。兩者都可以充當形容詞及副詞,表示“非常,極度”,強調極端性。如:I have deadly/deathly fear of snakes.我非常害怕蛇。The man is deadly/deathly ill. 這人病得很重。deadly另可表示:“致命的,勢不兩立的”,指導致死亡與毀滅的事物,表示死亡的可能性。 如deadly poison(致命的毒藥),deadly illness(致命的疾病),deadly weapon(致命的武器)。 又如:Fog is one of the sailors deadliest enemies.霧是海員一個最大的敵人。The sad news was a deadly blow to the poor old lady.這條消息對這個可憐的老太太是致命一deal in與deal withdeal in主要“做買賣,經(jīng)營(to buy and sell, trade in)的意思,后接事物名詞,表示經(jīng)營,買賣的內(nèi)容。如:This shop deals in textile good.這家商店經(jīng)營紡織品。This import and export corporation deals in general merchandise, paper, building material, electrical appliances, light, etc.這家進出口公司經(jīng)營日用百貨,紙張,建筑材料,電器用品和燈具等。deal with的主要意思有:1)“與做生意(do business, esp. trade with.), 后接集體名詞或人物名詞,表示做生意的對方;2)“對付,處理”;3)關于,論及(be about, be concerned with)等。如:Ive dealt with this store for 20 years.我與這家商店做了20年的生意。Children are tiring to deal with.帶小孩最令人討厭。Deal with a man as he deals with you.以其人之道還治其人之身。This article deals with an important subject.這篇文章談論到一個重要的問題。demand,request,requiredemand為“要求,查問”,語氣較重,是強硬、斷然的口氣。它可接名詞,不定式及用虛擬語氣表示的賓語從句,當以被要求的人作賓語時,要加介詞of。如:She demanded that we give him an immediate answer.她要求我立即給他回復。All of us demand of him whether he had heard from her recently.我們大家都問他最近是否收到她的來信。require為“請求,懇求”,語氣較和緩,指非常禮貌地正式請求。它可接名詞及不定式的復合結構,也可以后接用賓語從句,但賓語從句中要用虛擬語氣。當以被要求的人作賓語時,要加介詞of。如:Well do all that is required of us.我們會把要求做的全部都做完。與demand和request的用法不同,require另可接動名詞作賓語,其主動形式表示被動意義。它也可接不定式作賓語,但仍要用被動形式來表示被動意義。如:The car requires repairing/to be repaired.這輛車需要修理。display,exhibit,expose這些詞都指以展示的方式吸引注意,亦有“表現(xiàn)”之意。display:“展示,陳列”,指將物品最充分、有效地展示在人的視線或便于看清楚的位置。此外,此詞還有體現(xiàn)、表現(xiàn)之意。If a child displays negative behavior by hitting someone, adults must try to persuade him to use reasoning to solve future conflicts.假如孩子有打人的不良習慣,成年人必須規(guī)勸他用講道理的方式來解決今后發(fā)生的爭執(zhí)。She is so fascinated by the beautiful dress displayed in the shop window that she cannot help looking at it admirably whenever she passes there.她對櫥窗里展示的那套漂亮衣服非常癡迷,每次經(jīng)過,她都忍不住羨慕地看看它。exhibit:“展出,表現(xiàn)出”,往往指出于某個特殊目的而公開地推出某些事物。Although the supervisor said he neednt be responsible for the result, John still exhibited signs of stress.盡管督查員說約翰不必為此事負責,他還是顯現(xiàn)出承受壓力的跡象。expose:“顯示出,展出,顯露”,指讓某物從藏匿、隱蔽狀態(tài)中顯示出來;也有使某些不妥當或被隱匿之事顯露于眾,即“揭露,暴露”之意。Its too bad that children are exposed to films and reports about crime and violence.讓孩子耳濡目染電影與新聞報道中的暴力與犯罪行為是很糟糕的。It was my duty to leave no stone unturned to discover and expose the awful truth.我的責任就是想方設法發(fā)現(xiàn)這可怕的真相并公之于眾。die from與die of這兩個動詞詞組都表示“因而死”。die from和die of都可表示因疾病,饑餓,寒冷,年邁,疲勞過度等造成的死亡。如:die from/of illness/hunger/cold/old age/overwork/poison。再如:It is reported that as many as 1 out of 10 heavy cigarette smokers will eventually die from/of lung cancer.據(jù)報道,有十分之一煙癮很重的人會死于肺癌。In a severe winter, wild animals can die from/of lack of food.在嚴冬,野生動物可能會因食物不足而死。die from另可表示由外因而造成的死亡,象事故,損傷,環(huán)境條件,自然災害等。

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