初三休整階段英語練習

1、D（東城） You have learned about energy. Do you know that HEAT is a form of ENERGY? Yep, this form of energy acts on everything. And, were going to look at a few experiments to learn how this form of energy acts and why we need to know all about it.The heat energy of something is decided by how active i

2、ts atoms(原子)and molecules(分子)are. A hot object is one whose atoms and molecules are excited and show rapid movement. A cooler objects molecules and atoms will be less excited and show less movement. When these guys are in the excited state, they take up a lot of space because theyre moving around so

3、 fast. When the atoms and molecules settle down, or cool down, they take up less space.If a HOT high-energy atom comes into contact with a cool low-energy atom, the excited atom will loose some of its energy to the cool atom. The two atoms will reach an energy level thats between where they each sta

4、rted out. That level is called Thermal Equilibrium. Experiment: If you have a cup of really hot chocolate and want to cool it down, you may put an ice cube in the cup. After the ice has completely melted (disappeared), the hot chocolate and the melted ice have come to Thermal Equilibrium.Now that yo

5、u have an idea of what heat is, lets look at some of the effects of this form of energy. Heres another experiment. Blow up a balloon, but not all the way. Put the balloon in a refrigerator for about an hour, then take it out. Did it become smaller? Why? It became smaller because the air molecules in

6、side the balloon slowed down and are taking up less space. Now put the balloon in direct sunlight. What happened after it warmed up? Why?From the above experiment, we learned a very important factheat causes things to “grow”. We call this Thermal Expansion. If things “grow” when heated, what do you

7、think happens to them when they get cold?If you get a chance to check out some railroad tracks, notice the gaps or separations between the rails. (Dont get run over by a train!) Thermal expansion and contraction is why those gaps are placed there that way, and why expansion joints are placed in long

8、 highway bridges. Youve probably felt expansion joints on old concrete highways. Remember the “thumpthump” sound as you rode over them?57. How many experiments are mentioned in the passage? A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Five.58. What is Thermal Equilibrium?A. The fact that hot atoms loose some energy t

9、o cool atoms when they meet.B. The fact that there are always the gaps or separations between the rails.C. The fact that heat causes things to increase in size.D. The fact that heat is another form of energy. 59. Why is the first paragraph written?A. To explain what heat energy is.B. To sort energy

10、forms for readers.C. To give examples of heat energy. D. To tell readers what to read here. 60. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. Why thermal expansion is on the tracks and highways.B. How to check railroad tracks and concrete highways.C. Why railroads and highways are built that way.D. Ho

11、w to remember the “thumpthump” sound.D（海淀）Fighting fires has always been a dangerous job. The job has grown even more risky in recent years. Thats because changes in building over the last 30 years have resulted in hotter fires that are more unpredictable. Todays buildings use many more synthetic ma

12、terials than those built 30 years ago did. As a result, when they catch fire, they burn at a much higher temperature and give off much more energy than their older counterparts do. Furthermore, most modern buildings are extremely well insulated (絕緣的). That means that when they catch fire, they hold

13、most of the fires heat.Hotter fires result in especially dangerous situations for firefighters. The fires themselves are dangerous, of course, but even more problematic are the super-hot gases created by the fires. These cause “extreme fire behaviors,” a term firefighters use to describe quick-movin

14、g, life-threatening events at the scene of a fire. They include flashovers (跳火) . Temperature increases so greatly that some materials in an area burn up at once. They also include backdrafts(反風流), during which oxygen rushes into an area, causing a fireball. The most dangerous effect of a backdraft

15、is that it can actually take in all the oxygen out of a room where firefighters are working. Finally, there are gas explosions(爆炸). They happen when extreme heat causes gases to spread quickly.American firefighters have worked hard to fight against the dangers of modern firefighting. Unfortunately,

16、death rates have remained nearly unchanged during the last 30 years. Thats a poor showing compared to Sweden and Great Britain. Both of those countries have cut death rates among firefighters in half over the same period.Why are the British and the Swedes more successful at protecting their firefigh

17、ters? Some within the firefighting community believe its because both countries use a procedure called “3-D firefighting.” For now, most American fire companies will stick with traditional firefighting strategies and believe that 3-D technique(技術(shù)) cannot be effective. Supporters of the technique cla

18、im that it greatly reduces the likelihood of an extreme fire behavior. In 2002, the fire department of Gresham, Oregon became the first in the United States to accept 3-D firefighting techniques. The companys battalion chief, Ed Hartin, has become a supporter for the procedure, conducts trainings, a

19、nd has written a book on the subject. Maybe the use of 3-D firefighting is held back by its cost in the United States.56. What does the underlined word “counterparts” refer to in the passage?AchangesB. buildingsC. jobs D. fires57. What can we learn from the passage about backdrafts?A. Backdrafts mak

20、e all the materials burn up at once.B. Backdrafts can be stopped by giving off more oxygen.C. Backdrafts can make the firefighters die of oxygen shortage.D. Backdrafts are followed by gas explosions and flashovers.58. Why does the author say that the US makes a “poor showing”?A. Because there are mo

21、re and more fires happening these years.B. Because they didnt work hard enough to fight against the fires.C. Because the number of firefighters dying of firefighting gets larger.D. Because the death rate among US firefighters hasnt changed much.59. What is the main idea of this passage?A. The causes

22、 of fires and the ways to put out fires successfully. B. Some advice on keeping firefighters safe and using 3-D firefighting.C. The work of firefighters and the ways to protect firefighters in fires.D. The dangers of firefighting and the possibilities of a new technique.D（豐臺） Communication among hum

23、an beings never occurs in a vacuum. Instead, all communication takes place in a social and cultural environment. In most cases, understanding the behaviors of those who share the same or similar culture seems to be easier because they are familiar with each others ways of thinking, expressing, actin

24、g, and reacting. However, it appears a little difficult for people in one culture to understand the behavior(s) of people in another culture in their cross-cultural communication(跨文化交際). Due to the lack of cultural awareness of one another, both Chinese and Americans may face misunderstandings in th

25、eir interactions (交往). One of the ways that Chinese show modesty is through self-denial; that is, having been praised by others, most Chinese tend to show disagreement by responding (回應(yīng)) verbally that they do not deserve to be complimented(夸贊) for what they have done. However, when Chinese still use

26、 their self-denial among self-praising Americans, their modest responses to Americans compliments may turn out to be embarrassing to some Americans. Unfortunately, in cross-cultural communication, misunderstanding can be created often. The following dialogue between an American and a Chinese is an e

27、xample: “Your English is very good.” (the Americans compliment) “No, no, no. my English is very poor.” (the Chinese self-denial) In Chinese culture, the ability to preserve self-denial is marked as a sign of virtue (美德)in modesty. Yet, when Americans compliments are rejected by Chinese, Americans te

28、nd not to value Chinese self-denial as a sign of modesty. Instead, some Americans may feel embarrassed as if they have made a wrong judgment, while some others are more likely to assume that self-denial is a strategy used to fish for more compliments. The dialogue does show how the Chinese polite re

29、sponse failed to match the Americans good intention owing to their culturally influenced attitudes towards compliments. 296 w57. What is the subject of the passage? A. Chinese people vs. American people. B. Communication in cultural environment. C. Misunderstanding between Chinese and Americans.DSel

30、f-denial and self-praising in the US. 58. From the uses of “self-denial” in Paragraph 2 and 3, we can see the word means _.A. what is said about myself is true B. what is said about myself is not true C. a big strength in myself D. a big weakness in myself 59. What will an American probably say when

31、 he or she hears the compliment: “I think your speech is excellent”? A. Thats all right. B. Im sorry. Please excuse my poor skills.C. Its just so-so. D. Yes, I think I do well. Im glad you enjoy it. 60. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? A. Much communication is

32、independent of a social and cultural environment. B. Self-denial is used to show modesty by Chinese people. C. Chinese and Americans react differently in reply to compliments. D. Misunderstanding may be created in cross-cultural communication. D（石景山）Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the

33、same music, and are friends. Is this a good thing? Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests they both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.“I w

34、ould never have said to my mom, Hey, the latest film is really great. How do you like it?” says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.”Film was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to mov

35、e in their own circles.Today, the generation gap（代溝） has not disappeared, but it is getting smaller in many families. Conversations on subjects such as sex and drugs would not have taken place a generation ago. Now they are common. And parentchild activities, from shopping to sports, involve a feeli

36、ng of trust and friendship that can continue into adulthood.No wonder greeting cards today carry the message, “To my mother, my best friend.”But family experts warn that the new equality（平等）between parents and kids may also result in less respect for parents. “Theres still a lot of strictness and po

37、wer on the part of parents out there, but there is a change happening,” says Kerrie, a psychology professor at Lebanon Valley College. “In the middle of that change, there is a lot of confusion（困惑）among parents.” Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these changing roles and attitudes. T

38、hey see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication that encourages everyone to have a say. “My parents were on the before side of that change, but todays parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side,” explains Mr. Ballmer. “Its not something easily carri

39、ed through by parents these days, because life is more difficult to understand or deal with, but sharing interests does make it more fun to be a parent now.”56. What does the underlined word “gulf” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Interest. B. Distance. C. Difference. D. Connection.57. Which of the f

40、ollowing shows that the generation gap is getting smaller?A. Parents share more interests with their children.B. Parents show less strictness to their young children.C. Parents help their children find interests in activities.D. Parents share more cultural changes with their children.58. The change

41、in todays parentchild relationship is _.A. more confusion among parents B. 1ess respect for parents from children C. new equality between parents and childrenD. more strictness and power on the part of parents59. The writer writes the passage to _.A. describe the difficulties todays parents have met

42、 withB. discuss the development of the parentchild relationshipC. suggest the ways to deal with the parentchild relationshipD. compare todays parentchild relationship with that in the pastD. （燕山）Are you aged between 14 and 19 years old? Do you care about your local environment? Would you like to hel

43、p make the area you live in better, cleaner, safer and more friendly? If your answer is “yes”, then read on! You may be surprised to hear that you can actually get money for improving your local community. The “Big Lottery” is giving money to groups of teenagers who want to become active citizens. W

44、e have 80,000 to give away. Were looking for young people to take part in projects near to where they live. Here are a few easy things you could do to get started:Meeting the neighbors: Everybody needs good neighbors. Knock on peoples doors and find out what they would like improving in your area. S

45、et a date for a meeting and then make some plans together. If you dont want to go round to their houses, then you could always put a note through their doors. Neighborhood watch: Neighborhood watch plans are very popular in the UK. If you go away on holiday and leave your house, its very nice to kno

46、w that a neighbor is keeping an eye on it. Its a good way to make the area you live in safer. You could set one up easily and quickly. Lending a hand: There are often elderly people living in the neighborhood who may not be able to do the things that you can. Offer to do their shopping once a week,

47、look after their gardens for them or maybe walk their dogs! No littering: Nobody likes picking up other peoples rubbish, but a clean street can make all the difference. Take it in turns to go out once or twice a week and see what you can find. You never know, one day you might find something valuabl

48、e! _: Nearly two-thirds of your rubbish can be recycled. Some areas already provide places or people to recycle bottles, tins, plastic and paper. Find out if this is done in your neighborhood. If its not, do something about it. So, go on Help make your neighborhood “street ahead”. Just tell us what

49、kind of project you want to become involved in, then well send you more details. Take positive action and help make your neighborhood a better place to live in! 56. Who can take part in the projects that the “Big Lottery” organizes? A. Teenagers from 14 to 19. B. All the people in the area. C. Anyon

50、e who wants to. D. all young people in the area. 57. What does lending a hand mean in Paragraph 5? A. Shaking hands with old people. B. Lending money to someone who needs. C. Lending something to someone. D. Helping people who need help.58. What does the writer probably write in the blank in Paragra

51、ph 7? A. No rubbish. B. Recycling. C. Picking up rubbish. D. Help cleaning the streets. 59. Why does the “Big Lottery” organize the projects? A. To improve the environment of the community. B. To help the old people in the community. C. To make the neighborhood cleaner and safer.D. To help young peo

52、ple care about the community. D（門頭溝）Happiness is important for everyone. Most people want to be happy but few know how to find happiness. Money and success dont bring lasting happiness. Happiness depends on ourselves. In other words, we make our own happiness.Some people believe that if they are wea

53、lthy, they will be able to do anything they want, which means happiness. On the other hand, some people believe that holding a high position in the government is happiness. In this way, you have not only money, but also many other things which cant be bought by money. However, other people believe t

54、hat having lots of money is not happiness, nor is holding a high position in the government. These people value(重視) their beliefs, or their intelligence, or their health. They think these can make them happy.Here are a few ways to help you be happier.The first secret of happiness is to enjoy the sim

55、ple things in life. Too often, we spend so much time thinking about the future, for example, getting into college or getting a good job, that we dont enjoy the present. You should enjoy lifes simple pleasures, such as reading a good book, listening to your favorite music, or spending time with close

56、 friends. People who have close friends usually enjoy happier and healthier lives.The second secret of happiness is to be active. Many people go dancing or play sports. People can forget about their problems and only think about the activities.Finally, many people find happiness in helping others. A

57、ccording to studies, people feel good when they volunteer their time to do many meaningful things for other people. If you want to feel happier, do something nice for someone. You can help a friend with his or her studies, go shopping to get food for an old neighbor, or simply help around the house.

58、Now maybe you know how to find happiness! 57. Some people who hold a high position in the government think they can _. A. get money and something they cant buy with money B. do what they want to do at any time C. enjoy health which makes them work hard D. take an active part in all kinds of activities every day 58. The wr