物流專業(yè)英語 翻譯

1、UNIT I LOGISTICS第一單元 物流PART The Definition of LogisticsPART 物流的定義The introduction of Logistics物流簡介Para1 “Logistics” is a term, which originates from both the army and French. According to the French, the Baron of Jomini, who of Swiss origin who had served in Napoleons army before joining the Russian

2、s and who later founded the Military Academy of St. Petersburg, first used the term in the early 19th century. So in a military sense, the term logistics encompasses transport organization, army replenishments and material maintenance.“物流”或“后勤”一詞其實(shí)源于軍隊(duì)， 對其詞義解釋亦有多個不同版本， 根據(jù)法國人闡述之詞義， 該詞早于十九世紀(jì)初被祖文尼男爵率先采

3、用。祖文尼是一名原藉瑞士的軍官，他在投奔俄羅斯軍隊(duì)之前在拿破倫軍中服役， 其后一手創(chuàng)立“圣彼得堡軍事學(xué)院”。就軍事意識而言，物流管理詞意即運(yùn)輸編制、軍隊(duì)補(bǔ)給和物料保養(yǎng)。Para2 In the business world however, the concept of “l(fā)ogistics” was applied solely to “Material Replenishment Programs” (MRP) and was confined to the manufacturing sector at the beginning. Therefore the extension of

4、the concept to involve company operations is a relatively new one and the earliest usage dates back to the 1950s in the USA.然而在商務(wù)界中，“物流管理”的概念僅僅用于 “物料需求計(jì)劃”，并且最初是在制造業(yè)的部門開始使用。因此該概念被擴(kuò)展應(yīng)用于公司是相對較新的，最早使用始于美國的 1950 年代。Para3 The introduction of containers and the development of information technology have br

5、ought about the development and improvement of logistics activities. Whereas containerization has helped master the transportation process, information technology has enabled information to be acted upon in real time thus speeding up the flow of transportation and delivery.集裝箱的發(fā)明以及信息技術(shù)發(fā)達(dá)，都從技術(shù)方面推動了物流

6、活動的發(fā)展。集裝箱化有助于貨主掌握運(yùn)輸過程，信息技術(shù)使我們能在第一時間掌握信息，因此使得運(yùn)輸和配送的速度大大加快。Para4 Logistics starts with the provision of raw materials and semi-finished goods for the manufacturing process, and finishes up with the physical distribution and after sales service of the products.物流管理從原材料的提供開始，經(jīng)過生產(chǎn)過程中的半成品，以產(chǎn)品的分配和售后服務(wù)為結(jié)束。P

7、ara5 Economically, this creates a new source of profit characterized by the development of mass distribution and attention to service quality. The two basis objectives in practicing business logistics, cost reduction and time saving, have enabled companies to profit not only in performance and quali

8、ty but also in customer satisfaction.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)上認(rèn)為，這產(chǎn)生一個新的利潤源泉，表現(xiàn)在集中配上的發(fā)展和對服務(wù)質(zhì)量的關(guān)注上。實(shí)際商務(wù)物流管理的二個基礎(chǔ)目的，費(fèi)用減少和時間節(jié)省方面，已經(jīng)使公司利潤不僅來源于性能和質(zhì)量，也來自客戶滿意方面。Para6 Operationally, companies realize that by regrouping the different aspects of logistics and instead of viewing them as separate processes, substantial savings can

9、 be made within their businesss outgoing expenditure.從運(yùn)營角度來看， 公司意識到將物流的各個方面進(jìn)行重組而不是將它們看成是獨(dú)立的個體，更會替公司大量節(jié)省金錢。What is logistics?什么是物流?Para7 There are various definitions of different editions. The term was defined as follow: 有不同版本的各種不同定義，物流被定義如下：l Logistics (business definition)： Logistics is defined as

10、 a business-planning framework for the management of material, service, information and capital flows. It includes the increasingly complex information, communication and control systems required in today's business environment.(Logistics Partners Oy, Helsinki, FI, 1996) 物流管理 (商務(wù)定義)：物流管理被定義為材料、服

11、務(wù)的管理、信息和資金流的商務(wù)計(jì)劃的架構(gòu)。 它包括在今天的商務(wù)環(huán)境所需要的愈加復(fù)雜的信息、溝通和控制系統(tǒng)。 (物流管理合伙人，芬蘭首都赫爾辛基，芬蘭，1996)l Logistics (military definition)： The science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of forces. those aspects of military operations that deal with the design and development, acquisition, storage, mov

12、ement, distribution, maintenance, evacuation and disposition of material; movement, evacuation, and hospitalization of personnel; acquisition of construction, maintenance, operation and disposition of facilities; and acquisition of furnishing of services. (JCS Pub 1-02 excerpt) 物流管理 (軍事定義)：科學(xué)的計(jì)劃、調(diào)遣的

13、執(zhí)行和武力的維持.那些軍事行動的方方面面涉及計(jì)劃、發(fā)展、購置、儲藏、調(diào)遣、分配、維護(hù)、撤退和物資、行動、撤退、醫(yī)療人員的部署；建筑物購置、維護(hù)、操作和設(shè)備的部署；服務(wù)性家具的購置。 (參謀長聯(lián)席會議 1-02摘錄)l Logistics ：The procurement, maintenance, distribution, and replacement of personnel and materiel. (Websters Dictionary) l 物流管理：人員和物料的采購、維護(hù)、分配和替換。 (費(fèi)伯斯特的字典) l Logistics ：1. The branch of milit

14、ary operations that deals with the procurement, distribution, maintenance, and replacement of materiel and personnel. 2. The management of the details of an operation. (American Heritage Dictionary) 物流管理：1. 處理物料和人員的采購、分配、維護(hù)和替補(bǔ)的軍事行動的部門。 2. 操作的細(xì)節(jié)的管理。 (美國傳統(tǒng)字典)l Logistics： The process of planning, imple

15、menting, and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements. Note that this definition includes inbound, outbound, internal, and external movements,

16、and return of materials for environmental purposes. (Reference: Council of Logistics Management) 物流：計(jì)劃、執(zhí)行的過程，有效控制的存貨和服務(wù)的流程，為符合消費(fèi)者的需求的從起點(diǎn)到最終消費(fèi)的相關(guān)信息。注意：這定義包括輸入、輸出、內(nèi)在和外部的活動以及為了環(huán)境的目的的材料回收。 (參考: 物流管理管理的會議)l Logistics：The process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost effective flo

17、w and storage of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of meeting customer requirements. (Reference: Canadian Association of Logistics Management)物流：物流是對原材料、在制品庫存、產(chǎn)成品及相關(guān)信息從起源地到消費(fèi)地的有效率的、低成本有效益的流動和儲存進(jìn)行計(jì)劃

18、、執(zhí)行和控制，以滿足客戶要求的過程。（參考：加拿大物流管理協(xié)會）l Logistics：The science of planning, organizing and managing activities that provides goods or services. (MDC, Log Link / Logistics World, 1997) 物流：是計(jì)劃、組織和管理年那些提供產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)活動的科學(xué)。（MDC，物流管理世界，1997）l Logistics：Logistics is the science of planning and implementing the acquisit

19、ion and use of the resources necessary to sustain the operation of a system.(Reference: ECRC University of Scranton / Defense Logistics Agency)l 物流管理：物流管理是計(jì)劃和執(zhí)行獲得物并使用維持系統(tǒng)的操作所需的資源的科學(xué)。-(參考:斯克蘭頓大學(xué)資策會 / 國防物流機(jī)構(gòu))Para8 From these definitions logistics can be briefly described like this: "Logistics mea

20、ns having the right thing, at the right place, at the right time." At its heart, logistics deals with satisfying the customer. This implies that management must first understand what those requirements are before a logistics strategy can be developed and implemented to meet them. As will be dis

21、cussed in more detail later, customer service is the most important output of an organizations logistics system. This focus on customer satisfaction will be emphasized through the text just as it should be in the firm.從上述定義來看，物流可以簡短的描述如下：“物流意味著將正確的東西，在正確的地方，在正確的時間送達(dá)?！边@定義的核心，就是物流要讓客戶滿意。這暗示著在物流策略發(fā)展前，管

22、理必須先了解需求是什么并滿足這些需求。 正如后文將要詳細(xì)討論的，客戶服務(wù)是組織的物流管理系統(tǒng)的最重要輸出。本文將通篇強(qiáng)調(diào)客戶滿意，正如在公司中客戶滿意也是如此受重視。Para9 In a more practical sense, logistics refers to the systematic management of the various activities required to move benefits from their point of production to the customer. Often these benefits are in the form o

23、f a tangible product that must be manufactured and moved to the user; sometimes these benefits are intangible and are known as services. They too must be produced and made available to the final consumer. But logistics encompasses much more than just the transport of goods.在現(xiàn)實(shí)意義上，物流管理是指在將利益從生產(chǎn)地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到消

24、費(fèi)者的過程中的各種不同活動的系統(tǒng)管理。 通常這些利益是有形的產(chǎn)品，它們被生產(chǎn)出來并移動到使用者；有時這些利益是無形產(chǎn)品即服務(wù)。 他們同樣也應(yīng)生產(chǎn)出來并使最終消費(fèi)者可以得到。但是物流管理包含的不僅僅是運(yùn)輸物品。Para10 The concept of benefits is a multifaceted one that goes beyond the product or service itself to include issues regarding timing, quantity, supporting services, location, and cost. So a basi

25、c definition of logistics is the continuous process of meeting customer needs by ensuring the availability of the right benefits for the right customer, in the quantity and condition desired by that customer, at the time and place the customer wants them, all for a price the buyer is willing to pay.

26、 These concepts apply equally well to for-profit industries and non-profit organizations, as the earlier discussion on military requirements illustrated.利益的概念是多方面的，它不僅是產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)本身還包含時間、數(shù)量、服務(wù)支持、位置、成本等方面問題。因此物流的基本概念是滿足客戶需求的一個連續(xù)的過程，要確保正確的客戶按他所要求的數(shù)量和條件，在正確的地點(diǎn)和時間，以買主愿意支付價格得到他的產(chǎn)品。這些觀念在營利和非營利的組織同樣得到很好地應(yīng)用，如較早討論

27、的在軍事上的應(yīng)用。Para11 However, logistics can mean different things to different organizations. Some firms are more concerned with producing the benefits; that is, their management focus is on the flow of raw materials into the production process rather than on delivering the final goods to the user. The s

28、ourcing and managing of raw materials and component parts is often referred to as materials management and is illustrated in figure 1-1. For firms with very heavy flows into the production process, materials management and logistics may be synonymous. For example, Airbus Industries produces an A-340

29、 airliner in France for Singapore Airlines (SIA). Once the aircraft is finished, SIA sends a crew to Toulouse and flies the plane away. The logistics effort is not complete at this point, however. Rather, for firms like Airbus, post-production emphasis is on after-sales service and support as oppose

30、d to product delivery.然而，對于不同的機(jī)構(gòu)組織物流管理有不同的含義。一些公司更關(guān)注產(chǎn)生利益； 這意味著，他們的管理關(guān)注原材料流入生產(chǎn)的過程更勝于關(guān)注將最終產(chǎn)品分配給消費(fèi)者。原材料和零部件的來源和管理通常稱為材料管理，如圖 1-1所示。對于這類公司來講有大量的原材料和零部件流入生產(chǎn)過程，物流和材料管理是相同意思。舉例來說，空中客車公司為新加坡航空公司(SIA) 在法國生產(chǎn)一架340 客機(jī)。飛機(jī)一旦完工，SIA公司送機(jī)組成員到土魯斯將飛機(jī)開走。然而，在這個情況下，物流管理不是完全的。對于像空中客車這類公司，生產(chǎn)后期更強(qiáng)調(diào)的是售后服務(wù)和支持上而不是產(chǎn)品的配送上。Para12 A

31、lternatively, some companies experience greater management challenges once the product is finished. In other words, they are much more concerned with the flow of finished goods from the end of the production line to the customer. Depicted in figure 1-2, logistics in this situation is sometimes refer

32、red to as physical distribution and is a perspective in many consumer goods manufacturing firms.另一方面，一些公司在產(chǎn)品完工后就面臨巨大的管理挑戰(zhàn)。換句話說，他們更關(guān)注產(chǎn)成品從最終生產(chǎn)線流向消費(fèi)者這個過程。如圖12所示，在這情況下物流被認(rèn)為是配送管理，在許多消費(fèi)品制造企業(yè)都持這個觀點(diǎn)。Para13 Finally, some firms view logistics as embracing both materials management and physical distribution. T

33、hese organizations look at logistics as a way to manage the entire process of customer satisfaction, from sourcing the necessary parts and material through production of the benefit to its delivery to the final user. Indeed, it is this approach that enables management to exploit the full potential o

34、f the logistics process.最后，一些公司認(rèn)為物流管理包含材料管理和配送管理。這些機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)為物流是對消費(fèi)者滿意的全程管理途徑，從采購必需的零部件和原材料到生產(chǎn)到將產(chǎn)品配送給最終消費(fèi)者這整個過程。確實(shí)，正是這種方法使管理能開發(fā)物流過程的全部潛能。Para14 As shown in figure 1-3, this broader view of logistics integrates materials management and physical distribution tasks into a single supply chain that links the c

35、ustomer with all aspects of the firm. Viewing internal operations this way keeps seemingly disparate and historically separated activities focused on the common objective: to produce and deliver some benefit or benefits to the customer in a way that offers greater value than can be obtained from a c

36、ompetitor. In other words, this comprehensive view of logistics, sometimes referred to as supply chain management, can lead to lower costs and/or better service that enhance the value received by the buyer.如圖13所示，這種廣義的物流概念將材料管理和物資配送融入單一的供應(yīng)鏈，它將消費(fèi)者和公司的各方面聯(lián)系起來。從內(nèi)部操作上看，這個方法使得表面上和傳統(tǒng)上分開的活動關(guān)注共同一個目標(biāo)：在一定程度上生

37、產(chǎn)并傳遞比客戶從單一競爭者處所能獲得價值更大的價值給消費(fèi)者。換句話說，這種綜合的物流管理觀念，有時就是指供應(yīng)鏈管理，它導(dǎo)致降低成本或提供更好的服務(wù)，這種服務(wù)提高價值。Evolution of the Logistics Management Concept物流管理概念的演變Para15 In conclusion，logistics Management Concept has evolved over the last three decades from the narrowly defined distribution management to the integrated manag

38、ement of the global supply chains.總的來說，在過去三十年物流管理觀念已經(jīng)從狹窄的配送管理發(fā)展到全球供應(yīng)鏈的綜合管理。Para16 Physical distribution: The first phase of the logistics management concept began during the 1960s to replace the fragmented management by physical distribution management. Physical distribution was intended to mean &qu

39、ot;the broad range of activities associated with efficient movement of finished products from the end of the production line to the consumers”. Its main focus is on the rationalization of the relationship between the firm and its customers. Physical distribution thus includes functions like delivery

40、, warehousing, material handling, protective packaging, and customer services.實(shí)物分配: 物流管理觀念的第一階段開始于20世紀(jì)60年代，在此期間開始實(shí)物分配管理代替了片斷管理。 實(shí)物分配意指“產(chǎn)成品從最終生產(chǎn)線有效的傳遞給消費(fèi)者的各種活動”。它主要關(guān)注公司和消費(fèi)者之間的合理關(guān)系。 實(shí)物分撥包含配送。存儲、加工、包裝和客戶服務(wù)等功能。Para17 Physical distribution approach has gained wide acceptance among various manufacturers a

41、nd distributors, but the limitation of the physical distribution approach soon became obvious since it did not address the cost containment issue of the raw material and working - process inventory (which account for, in average, 60 percent of the total material inventory).實(shí)物分配的方法得到了不同生產(chǎn)商和供應(yīng)商的廣泛認(rèn)可，但

42、由于它沒有考慮原材料和生產(chǎn)過程中存貨的成本（而這部分存貨平均占材料庫存的60），因此它的局限性也很快表現(xiàn)出來。Para18 Internally integrated logistics: Logistics management has experienced the second transition in 1980s. The experience during 1960s and 1970s suggested that the physical distribution function should be integrated with pre-production activit

43、ies such as material sourcing and work-in-process inventory to form a total material flow management.企業(yè)綜合物流管理: 在20世紀(jì)80年代物流管理管理經(jīng)歷第二個轉(zhuǎn)變。 60 年代和 70 年代的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是：實(shí)物分配的功能應(yīng)該將生產(chǎn)前的活動如材料采購和生產(chǎn)中存貨整合形成完全的物料流程管理。Para19 Material flow was thought to be a process that involved horizontal movement of inventory from the ti

44、me the raw material was delivered until the time when an account receivable was recorded by the firm (a sale made and the product shipped). Emphasis was shifted from the minimization of the level of inventory to the speed of processing (e.g. inventory velocity). These logistics management techniques

45、 were primarily conceived at the level of individual firms, but it has little impact on the improvement in the overall efficiency of the national economy.物料流被認(rèn)為是一個過程，包含從原材料的運(yùn)輸直到公司收到并做賬的平行運(yùn)動（銷售和產(chǎn)品運(yùn)輸），關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)從使存貨水平最低轉(zhuǎn)移到存貨處理速度（如存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率）。物流管理的這些技術(shù)最初是從單個公司層面上考慮的，但它對促進(jìn)整個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展沒有什么影響。Para20 Externally integra

46、ted logistics: This integrated logistics management approach has made the third evolution in early 1990s and beyond. It has extended the concept beyond one firm to all firms involved in the whole supply chain, outsourcing the internally supplied materials and products to external suppliers. This ext

47、ended view of enterprises offered firms an opportunity to view the relationship with vendors, suppliers; third party logistics support agents and customers in a different way, each forming a part of the channel. Participants in the channel gain competitive advantage through improving the overall cha

48、nnel efficiency by reducing risk and effectively leveraging the corporate resources of each channel member. Coupled with the recent development of electronic data interchange (EDI), this approach began to bring about a broader impact on macro economic efficiency.社會綜合物流管理：在90年代早期甚至更早，這種綜合物流管理方法帶來了第三次

49、變革。它將物流的概念從一個公司擴(kuò)展到整個供應(yīng)鏈的所有公司，將內(nèi)部供應(yīng)的材料和產(chǎn)品外包給外部供應(yīng)商。這個擴(kuò)大的視野為公司提供一個考察賣主和供應(yīng)商關(guān)系的機(jī)會；第三方物流以另一種方式服務(wù)代理商和消費(fèi)者，他們都是這個鏈上組成部分。這條鏈上的參與者通過以降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和鏈上每一位成員的共同資源的有力支持來改善整條鏈的效率從而獲得具有競爭力的優(yōu)勢。隨著近來電子數(shù)據(jù)交換技術(shù)的發(fā)展，這個方法為宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的效率帶來顯著的影響。Para21 Global supply chain management: The fourth evolution has taken place in the form of the glo

50、bal logistics management, which has been applied by MNCs. With declining profit margin in the domestic market and in face of need of continued business expansion, these corporations are seeking new worldwide markets on an unprecedented scale. Global marketing and sale initiatives are the trend towar

51、d which MNCs are increasing gearing up. This trend for internationalization, in turn, requires much more sophisticated management techniques over the entire process of the commodity movement from the countries of origins to the countries of destinations. Moving a wide variety of products around the

52、world 24 hours a day, 365 days a year require logistics management techniques significantly different from those developed for domestic markets. Closely linkage of all players in the global supply chains requires the logistics management underpinned by the international EDI system. This globalizatio

53、n of business activities is a major factor reshaping the international trading activities to which all countries are required to adjust by adapting their institutional frameworks.全球供應(yīng)鏈管理：第四次演變是以全球物流管理的形式出現(xiàn)，這種全球物流管理方式在跨國公司中采用。隨著國內(nèi)市場邊際利潤的減少并且面臨繼續(xù)商業(yè)擴(kuò)充的需要，這些公司以空前的規(guī)模尋求新的世界范圍的市場。對于快速增加的跨國公司，全球市場和主動銷售是一個趨勢

54、。國際化的趨勢，要求在產(chǎn)品從最初的國家流向最終國家的全過程中需要更加復(fù)雜的管理技術(shù)。不同于在國內(nèi)市場的發(fā)展，一天 24 小時，一年 365 天在全球范圍內(nèi)流動產(chǎn)品更加需要物流管理技術(shù)。全球供應(yīng)鏈上緊密聯(lián)系的所有合作伙伴需要國際 EDI 系統(tǒng)來支持物流管理。這一全球化的商業(yè)活動是重新改造國際貿(mào)易活動主要因素，所有國家都需要調(diào)整以適應(yīng)他們的制度結(jié)構(gòu)。PART II Components of a Logistics System第二部分 物流系統(tǒng)的組成部分Para1 A logistics system can be made up of many different functional act

55、ivities, some of which are described briefly below:一個物流管理系統(tǒng)能由許多不同的功能活動組成, 其中一些可以簡短地描述如下：Para2 Customer service is a multi-dimensional and very important part of any organizations logistics effort. In a broad sense, it is the output of the entire logistics effort; that is, customer service and some r

56、esulting level of satisfaction are what the logistics system ultimately provides the buyer. However, many organizations do have a more narrow functional view of customer service as something they actually perform. For example, a firm may have a customer service department or customer service employe

57、es that handle complaints, special orders, damage claims, returns, billing problems, etc. For all intents and purposes, these employees are the organization as far as many buyers are concerned, so their role in the overall logistics system becomes crucial. Disappointment at this level can lead to di

58、ssatisfaction with the organization as a whole that effectively neutralizes the entire logistics effort.客戶服務(wù)是多方面，對不同公司物流管理來說都是重要組成部分。從廣義上看，它是整個物流的努力產(chǎn)物，也就是說，客戶服務(wù)和滿意程度正是物流系統(tǒng)最終提供給消費(fèi)者。然而，在實(shí)際運(yùn)作中，許多公司從狹隘的功能角度理解客戶服務(wù)。舉例來說，一個公司可能有一個客戶服務(wù)部門或者從事客戶服務(wù)的員工，他們處理投訴、特殊訂單、損害賠償、返回、清單問題，等等。對于所有的意圖和目的，幾乎所有的客戶認(rèn)為這些員工就代表公司，因此他們在物流系統(tǒng)中的作用是至關(guān)重要的。這層面的不滿將導(dǎo)致對整個公司的不滿，從而否定了整個物流管理的努力。Para3 Inventory management deals with balancing the cost of maintaining additional products on hand against the risk of not having those items when the customer