北京聯(lián)大專升本英語專業(yè)考試[語法篇]

1、2014專升本英語講座 語法篇時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)：所謂時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)，就是時(shí)間+狀態(tài)。 過去 現(xiàn)在 將來一般 did do will/shall do進(jìn)行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done完成進(jìn)行had been doing have/has been doingnMy father was doing his paperwork when the guests arrived.nYou should have seen the look on her

2、 face when I told her I had won the first prize.nBy the end of 2002 we had trained more than 5000 teachers of English all over the province.nIts expected that the new highway will have been completed by next July.nAs soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when you will come and see him.n過去時(shí)：表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

3、或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作n現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：到目前為止發(fā)生的某個(gè)動(dòng)作結(jié)束。意圖說明過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)影響。n過去完成時(shí)：過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的先后n將來完成時(shí)：將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。n現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：某個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且仍然在進(jìn)行，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)和延續(xù)。特殊情況nhardly/scarcelywhennno soonerthan nScarcely had they left when soldiers arrived, armed with rifles.nNo sooner had the thief disappeared into a side

4、 street than the police arrived.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 n語法特征語法特征 1） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，只表示期待或估計(jì)某事的發(fā)生。2） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 除ought 外，后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。3） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱，數(shù)的變化，即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)不加-s。4） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有非謂語形式，即沒有不定式，分詞，等形式。nCars play an important role in modern life, but they can also cause many problems like air pollution.n- Where will you s

5、tart your work after graduation?n- Mm, its not been decided yet. I might continue my study for a higher degree.肯定推測(cè) mustn1) must用在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測(cè)，意為“一定”。n2) must表對(duì)現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)時(shí)， 用must be或must be doing nYou have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)判斷）n3) must 表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)

6、時(shí)，用must have done I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep.4) must表示對(duì)過去某時(shí)正發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，must have been doing-Why didnt you answer my phone call?-Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didnt hear it.5) 否定推測(cè)用cant。The room is in a terrible mess; It cant have been cleaned.nmay/might 用于不太肯定的推測(cè)，或?qū)砜赡馨l(fā)生事

7、情的推測(cè)。nThere may be a terrible storm in the following days.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have donen見書20頁nYou neednt have come to meet me here at the station. The tube is quite convenient in this city.特殊情況nneed want be worth require + doing表示被動(dòng)的意思The novel is really worth reading at least twice.非謂語動(dòng)詞 在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形叫做非謂語

8、動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞分為三種形式：n動(dòng)詞不定式 to study (to +動(dòng)詞原形 )n分詞 studying (現(xiàn)在分詞) studied (過去分詞)n動(dòng)名詞 studying (形式與現(xiàn)在分詞相同)I will do everything I can to help you with the work.動(dòng)詞非謂語形式有以下幾種形式變化: 主 動(dòng) 被 動(dòng) 動(dòng)詞不定式 一 般 to write to be written 進(jìn) 行 to be writing 完 成 to have written to have been written 完 成 進(jìn) 行 to have been writing

9、 現(xiàn) 在 分 詞 和 動(dòng) 名 詞 一 般 writing being written 完 成 having written having been written 過 去 分 詞 一 般 written不定式 動(dòng)詞不定式能起名詞,形容詞,和副詞作用,充當(dāng)謂語以外的各種成分.n作主語. To learn English is not an easy thing. n作表語. My suggestion is to carry out the plan right nown作定語. Mary has a lot of things to do. n 作賓語. He wants to visit N

10、anjing.n作賓語補(bǔ)語 I expect you to write to me. I asked him to show me his new dictionary. n有些動(dòng)詞如感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后面的不定式不帶to,如:make, let, hear, see, notice, feel, watch, have等. I heard Mary cry.n 用被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),這些動(dòng)詞后面的不定式要帶to. She was heard to use strong language. 注：動(dòng)詞不定身的否定式只須在to前加not.固定表示法nshould/would like someone to

11、 do something ; would prefer something to do/to be done， nonly to do somethingnDo nothing/anything/everything but (except) do somethingnhad better do, would rather do(than) do, would donrather than do, would sooner do(than) do, cannot but do ,ncan not help but do, may/might as well do動(dòng)名詞：（作主語、賓語、表語）

12、nFighting broke out between the South and the North.nWould you mind turning down your radio a little, please? nHer job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.nThere is no + doingn It is no use/good +doing nThere is no point in +doingnhave (no) difficulty (in)+ doing/ there is (no) diffi

13、culty (in) +doingnfeel like +doing ;be busy (in) +doing something; cannot help +doing; would you mind +doing固定表示法nforget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean + to do sth./doing sth.1) She tried to do more exercises so as to lose weight. 設(shè)法去做2) She tried doing more exercises so as to lose weight. 努力嘗試3

14、) I regret having done such a foolish thing.4) I regret to say George failed in the exam.n分詞作定語分詞作定語 We can see the rising sun. He is a retired worker. There was a girl sitting there. 注：過去分詞作定語，與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. 分詞（作定語、狀語）選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，關(guān)鍵看與主句主

15、語的關(guān)系。n主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞n被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用過去分詞(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，這本書看上去很舊。Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的過程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。nThe students, surprised at the way the questions were put, didnt know the answers to them.分詞作狀語分詞作狀語 （可以表達(dá)時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨等）nBecause I havent prepared to

16、morrows lessons, I have no time to go out with you.= Not having prepared tomorrows lessons, I have no time to go out with you.nIf you see from the top of the TV tower, you will find the city far more beautiful at night. =Seeing from the top of the TV tower, you will find the city far more beautiful

17、at night. n注：分詞的邏輯主語必須與主句主語一致。獨(dú)立主格獨(dú)立主格 一）： 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成： 名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞；名詞(代詞)+形容詞；名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構(gòu)成。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. = If weather permits, we are going to visit you tomorrow.His work finished, he left his office with joy. = After his work was finished, he left hi

18、s office with joy. The bus being late, we missed our train the day when we were back to Paris. nHe came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館n二） 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)：1）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨(dú)立存在。2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，介詞短語等是主謂關(guān)系。3）獨(dú)立主

19、格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。定語從句 n結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu) 先行詞 + 關(guān)系詞 + 句子 n關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等。被修飾的名詞詞組或代詞關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞n關(guān)系代詞（主語、賓語、定語）1）who, whom, that He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.2) Whose They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 3）which, thatI called Mr. Smith at

20、his office this morning, but the voice which answered the phone was not his.n關(guān)系副詞（表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由，在從句中作狀語。 when, where, why =介詞+ whichnThe name of the castle came from the time when (=at which) it was dominated by a duke.nThey live in a developing area where (=in which) the only means of transport is by

21、river.nIs this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer?從句使用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞？ 從句用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞謂語動(dòng)詞。 Is this the museum that you visited a few days ago? Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?The village where I was born and grew up is quite far from here.He regretted the days

22、 that he wasted in the woods and when he should have studied.The name originated from the days when this house belonged to the local policeman.1. 限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉主句意思往往不明確； 非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也 不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開， This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。The house, whi

23、ch we bought last month, is very nice. 這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買的。限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句區(qū)別2. 非限制性定語從句可做插入語，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.3. 非限制性定語從句可修飾整個(gè)主句。這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：We had to sleep in our wet clothes, which was

24、most uncomfortable.注：關(guān)系代詞注：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。定語從句。lthere be 句型l不定代詞作先行詞時(shí)（anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, littlel先行詞有the only, the very修飾時(shí) l先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)l先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。舉例： Mother has never been to Tibet but thats the only city that she most likes to visit.只

25、能用只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況n由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可修飾整個(gè)主句. As一般放在句首，which在句中。nAs is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.nThe sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. l the same as；suchas 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和一樣。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

26、l as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有正如的意思。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health.As 的用法狀語從句n表示時(shí)間：when while （+doing） as before after since until as soon asn表示原因: because since as now thatn表示目的: so that in order that in casen表示條件:if unless if only only if provided thatn表示讓步: though although as名詞性從句（that+句子） nThat只起連接連接主句和從句的作用，在