英語簡單句（課堂PPT）

1、初中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)專題英語句子概論2一、句子成分一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要主要成分有主語和謂語；成分有主語和謂語；次要次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語、同位語和補(bǔ)足語、同位語和插入語插入語。3主語主語: :(Subject)(Subject) 表示句子說的是什么人或什么事表示句子說的是什么人或什么事. . 是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there b

2、ethere be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：和主語從句等表示。例如：41.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the

3、 students in this class are girls。4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. （名詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動名詞）（名詞化的形容詞）57.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（主語從句）（it作

4、形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）6 謂語謂語 (Predicate) (Predicate) 說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：構(gòu)成如下： 1 1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如： He practices running every morning.He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock. The plane

5、 took off at ten oclock.782. _ Our chalk has run out. On hearing the news, he cheered. 高考經(jīng)?？疾榈牟患拔飫釉~高考經(jīng)常考查的不及物動詞: “發(fā)生發(fā)生” _; _; _ ; _ _ “用完用完,用光用光”_; _. 不及物動詞的用法不及物動詞的用法: 無無 _, 無無_ 主語主語 + 謂語謂語 (S + V)happen occurtake place come aboutbreak outrun out give out 賓語賓語被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)9e.g. .“過去的幾年里我們學(xué)校發(fā)生了過去的幾年里我們學(xué)校

6、發(fā)生了很大的變化很大的變化” Our school has taken place great changes in the last few years. _ _. . Do you know what was happened yesterday? (改錯改錯)()Great changes have taken place in our school in the last few years.10表語表語(Predicative)(Predicative) 用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動詞（如一般位于系動詞（如be, bec

7、ome, get, look, be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seemgrow, turn, seem等）之后。等）之后。 表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、 副副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。例如：從句表示。例如： 111.Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）（名詞）2.Is it yours?（代詞）（代詞）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）（形容詞）4.The spee

8、ch is exciting.（分詞）（分詞）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）126.His job is to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（動名詞）（動名詞）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介詞短語）（介詞短語）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）（副詞）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）（表語從句）13注意

9、：系動詞（注意：系動詞（Linking verb)Linking verb)用于連接主語和用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1 1）狀態(tài)系動詞狀態(tài)系動詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有bebe一詞，一詞，例如：例如： He He isis a teacher. a teacher. 2 2）持續(xù)系動詞持續(xù)系動詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, keep, remain, stay, lie, standstand, ,

10、例如：例如：He always He always kept kept silent at meeting.silent at meeting. 3 3）表像系動詞表像系動詞用來表示用來表示“看起來像看起來像”這一概念，這一概念，主要有主要有seem, appear, look,seem, appear, look, 例例如：如：He He seems seems (to be) very sad.(to be) very sad. 14注意：系動詞（注意：系動詞（Linking verb)Linking verb)用于連接主語和用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等表語，說明主

11、語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。 4 4）感官系動詞感官系動詞主要有主要有feel, smell, sound, feel, smell, sound, tastetaste, , 例如：例如：This kind of cloth This kind of cloth feelsfeels very soft. very soft. 5 5）變化系動詞變化系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, runrun. .例如：

12、例如：The river was beginning to The river was beginning to runrun dry. dry. 6 6）終止系動詞終止系動詞表示主語已終止動作，主要有表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn outprove, turn out, , 表達(dá)表達(dá) 結(jié)果是結(jié)果是; ;證明是證明是 ，之意，例如：之意，例如：The rumor The rumor proved proved false. false. His plan His plan turned outturned out a success. a success. 15系動詞的用法系

13、動詞的用法: (注意三點(diǎn)注意三點(diǎn)) +_作表語作表語; 無無 _; 無無 _; e.g. The dish _. (嘗起來好吃嘗起來好吃) The story _. (聽起來有趣聽起來有趣).adj. 賓語賓語被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)tastes delicioussounds interesting16 賓語賓語（ObjectObject）表示動作的對象或承愛者，一）表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如： 1.He is doing his homework.1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain p

14、revented me from coming 2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.have five.（名詞）（代詞、動名詞）（名詞、數(shù)詞）174.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see

15、me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名詞化形容詞，名詞）（不定式短語）（動名詞短語）（賓語從句）18賓語種類賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：直接賓語），例如： Lend me your dictionary, please. to: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如： He sent the no

16、vel to William yesterday. for: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：賓補(bǔ)），例如： They elected him their monitor.19下列動詞只能接不定式做賓語下列動詞只能接不定式做賓語 ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, he

17、lp, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire 等，如：等，如： He refused to lend me his bike.20下列動詞只能接動名詞做賓語下列動詞只能接動名詞做賓語 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：等，如： John has admitted breaking the wind

18、ow .21下列動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞做賓下列動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞做賓語，但意義不同，語，但意義不同， 如如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。等。 forget to do表示表示“未發(fā)生的動作未發(fā)生的動作”， forget doing表示表示“已完成的動作已完成的動作”。如：。如： Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(還沒來還沒來) I forgot returning the book to him. (書已還給他了書已還給他了)22賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語（Object Complem

19、entObject Complement） 用于補(bǔ)充說明賓語的動作，一般位于賓用于補(bǔ)充說明賓語的動作，一般位于賓語之后，賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)語之后，賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。需接復(fù)合賓語的動詞有：合賓語。需接復(fù)合賓語的動詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make 等。等?！百e補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)”一般可由名一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：231.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their bo

20、at white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名詞）（形容詞）（副詞）（不定式短語）（現(xiàn)在分詞）（介詞短語）（從句）24以上的成分稱為以上的成分稱為基本句子成分基本句子成分。完整。完整的句子一般至少包含的句子一般至少包含2-4

21、個基本成分個基本成分。25定語：定語：修飾名詞或代詞修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語的詞、短語或從句稱為定語定語可由以下等成分表示：定語可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.There are thirty women teachers is our school.His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to

22、enter the classroom.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.He is reading an article about how to learn English.Tom is a boy who likes music very much.（形容詞）（形容詞）（分詞）（分詞）（名詞）（名詞）（代詞）（代詞）（不定式）（不定式）（動名詞）（動名詞）（介詞短語）（介詞短語）（從句）（從句）26狀語狀語：修飾：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。說明

23、動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。通常有副詞，介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)通常有副詞，介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)2728同位語同位語: 對其前面的名詞代詞做進(jìn)一步解釋對其前面的名詞代詞做進(jìn)一步解釋. That is Mr. Chen, our English teacher. 插入語插入語: 對一句話作一些附加的解釋對一句話作一些附加的解釋. To be honest, I dont quite agree with you.定語，狀語，同位語及插入語可以稱為定語，狀語，同位語及插入語可以稱為附屬句子成分附屬句子成分。29Last week I went to the supermarket.Last wee

24、k I went to the supermarket. 狀狀 主主 謂謂 狀狀The play was very interesting.The play was very interesting. 主主 系狀表系狀表I cant hear a word.I cant hear a word. 主謂主謂 賓賓They were talking loudly.They were talking loudly. 主主 謂謂 狀狀分析句子成分分析句子成分30It was Sunday.It was Sunday. 主主 系系 表表I never get up early on Sundays.I

25、never get up early on Sundays. 主狀謂狀狀主狀謂狀狀I(lǐng) looked at the young man and the young woman angrily.I looked at the young man and the 主謂主謂 賓賓young woman angrily. 賓賓 狀狀31I read a few lines,but I didnt understand a word.I read a few lines,but I didnt 主主 謂謂 定定 賓賓 連連 主謂主謂understand a word. 謂謂 賓賓My holidays p

26、assed quickly,but I didnt send cards to my friends.My holidays passed quickly,but I 主謂狀主謂狀 連主連主didnt send cards to my friends.謂謂 賓賓 狀狀32I got up early and bought thirty cards.I got up early and bought thirty cards. 主謂主謂 狀狀 連連 謂謂 定定 賓賓He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great nu

27、mber of different places in Australia.He is working for a big firm and he has 主主 謂謂 狀狀 連主謂連主謂already visited a great number of different 狀謂狀謂 定定 定定places in Australia.賓賓 定定3334基本句型基本句型 一一1. Time 2. The sun 3. The man4. Everybodyflies. rises. cooked. laughed此句型中動詞是不及物動詞此句型中動詞是不及物動詞,能表達(dá)完整意思。能表達(dá)完整意思。主語

28、可有修飾語主語可有修飾語-定語，謂語可有修飾語定語，謂語可有修飾語-狀語，狀語，如，如，The red sun rises in the east.352. _ Our chalk has run out. On hearing the news, he cheered. 高考經(jīng)?？疾榈牟患拔飫釉~高考經(jīng)?？疾榈牟患拔飫釉~: “發(fā)生發(fā)生” _; _; _ ; _ _ “用完用完,用光用光”_; _. 不及物動詞的用法不及物動詞的用法: 無無 _, 無無_ 主語主語 + 謂語謂語 (S + V)happen occurtake place come aboutbreak outrun out gi

29、ve out 賓語賓語被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)36e.g. .“過去的幾年里我們學(xué)校發(fā)生了過去的幾年里我們學(xué)校發(fā)生了很大的變化很大的變化” Our school has taken place great changes in the last few years. _ _. . Do you know what was happened yesterday? (改錯改錯)()Great changes have taken place in our school in the last few years.37基本句型 二1. He 2. The dinner3. The weather is sm

30、ellsbecame tall and strong. good. warmer. 此句型中謂語動詞都不能表達(dá)一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明此句型中謂語動詞都不能表達(dá)一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。系系動詞有三類：動詞有三類：1.表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的：表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的： be, seem, appear, feel ,look, smell, sound, taste2. 表狀態(tài)延續(xù)的：表狀態(tài)延續(xù)的：remain, stay, keep, continue, stand3. 表狀態(tài)

31、變化表狀態(tài)變化 的：的：become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow38 基本句型基本句型 三三（及物動詞）（及物動詞）(賓語賓語) 1. Who 2. She 3. I 4. I5. Iknows laugh at want dont knowenjoythe answer? her. to have a cup of tea.what to do.living here.此句型中的謂語動詞是及物動詞，必須跟一個賓語，此句型中的謂語動詞是及物動詞，必須跟一個賓語，才能使意思完整，而賓語成分的多樣化使這一結(jié)構(gòu)異才能使意思完整，而賓語成分的多樣化使這一

32、結(jié)構(gòu)異常復(fù)雜。常復(fù)雜。39 基本句型基本句型 四四（及物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多指物）（多指物）1. I 2. Heshowedboughthimme my pictures. a beautiful skirt.此句型中的謂語動詞必須有兩個賓語才能表達(dá)完整此句型中的謂語動詞必須有兩個賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個賓語一個是動作的直接承受者（多的意思。這兩個賓語一個是動作的直接承受者（多指物），另一個是動作的間接賓語（多指人）。指物），另一個是動作的間接賓語（多指人）。若要先說出直接賓語，后說間接賓語，則要借助與若要先說出直接賓語，后說間接賓語，則要借助與介詞介詞to 或或for。H

33、e bought me a beautiful skirt.He bought a beautiful skirt for me.40用用to側(cè)重指動作的方向，表示側(cè)重指動作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。朝著，向著，對著某人。用用for 側(cè)重指動作的受益者，表示側(cè)重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。為了某人，替某人。常跟雙賓語的動詞有：常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需借助（需借助 to的）的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等等（需借助（

34、需借助for的）的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing等。等。41 基本句型基本句型 五五（及物）（及物） （賓語）（賓語）（賓補(bǔ)）（賓補(bǔ)）1. We 2. They 3. We 4. I keep call asked saw the table supper him them clean. dinner. to come back soon. getting on the bus. 此句型中謂語動詞除了跟一個賓語外，還需跟一此句型中謂語動詞除了跟一個賓語外，還需跟一個補(bǔ)充成分來不足賓語，才能使意思完整。個補(bǔ)

35、充成分來不足賓語，才能使意思完整。42注意：用注意：用 it it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面，是英語常用句型。賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面，是英語常用句型。即即 主語主語 + 謂語謂語 + it + 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ) + 真正賓語真正賓語。如，。如，I found it very pleasant to be with your family.常用于此句型的動詞有常用于此句型的動詞有:think, believe, consider, suppose, find, feel, make43使用使用it當(dāng)形式賓語翻譯下面的句子當(dāng)形式賓語翻譯下面的句子1.他感到很難

36、跟你交談。他感到很難跟你交談。 2.我認(rèn)為有可能用另一種方法解題。我認(rèn)為有可能用另一種方法解題。 3.學(xué)校定了一條規(guī)則，開始上課時學(xué)生要起立。學(xué)校定了一條規(guī)則，開始上課時學(xué)生要起立。 4. 我認(rèn)為與那個人談話是無益的。我認(rèn)為與那個人談話是無益的。 1.He felt it very difficult to talk with you. 2.I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way. 3.The school made it a rule that the students should stand up whe

37、n class begins. 4.I thought it no use talking with that man You are sitting on the train home. There comes the bus ! The egos potential for expansion is limitless. Breckenridge hosts the international Snow Sculpture Championships. Our neighbors gave us a baby bird yesterday. We think it our duty to

38、study well.判斷下列句子屬于何種句式判斷下列句子屬于何種句式Exercises :Exercises :更正下列句子的錯誤更正下列句子的錯誤Exercises :Exercises :1. He came the room. 2. The music sounds. 3. I have seen. 4. He gave a pen me. 5. The boss made the boy to work hard. 6. My father bought a book to me. 1. He came into the room. 2. The music sounds wonde

39、rful. 3. I have seen the film.4. He gave a pen to me. 5. The boss made the boy work hard. 6. My father bought a book for me . Exercises :Exercises : 翻譯下列句子并分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)：翻譯下列句子并分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)：1. 1.我經(jīng)常在早晨讀英語。我經(jīng)常在早晨讀英語。 2. 2.瑪麗是個聰明的學(xué)生。瑪麗是個聰明的學(xué)生。3.3.我的老師交給我一封信。我的老師交給我一封信。4. 4.我母親經(jīng)常叫我努力學(xué)習(xí)。我母親經(jīng)常叫我努力學(xué)習(xí)。5. 5.我們叫我們的老師王先生我

40、們叫我們的老師王先生 6. 6.他正在房里做家庭作業(yè)。他正在房里做家庭作業(yè)。1. I often read English in the morning. 2. Mary is a clever student. 3. My teacher gave me a letter. 4. My mother often asks me to study hard. 5. We call our teacher Mr. Wang. 6. He is doing his homework in the room. 主主 + + 謂謂 + + 賓賓主主 + + 系系 + + 表表 主主 + + 謂謂 +

41、+ 雙賓雙賓 主主+ + 謂謂 + + 賓賓 + +賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)主主+ + 謂謂 + + 賓賓 + + 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)主主 + + 謂謂 + + 賓賓47英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。48分類分類說明說明例句例句簡簡單單句句由一個主語或并列主由一個主語或并列主語和一個謂語或并列語和一個謂語或并列謂語構(gòu)成的句子。即謂語構(gòu)成的句子。即一套主謂關(guān)系一套主謂關(guān)系。1. Tom and I found her

42、there. 2. We all breathe, eat and work.并并列列句句由并列連詞由并列連詞（and,so,but, or等）等）把兩個或兩個以上的把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起而構(gòu)簡單句連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子。成的句子。1. He likes eggs, but he doesnt like chickens.2. Work hard or you will fall behind.復(fù)復(fù)合合句句由一個主句和一個或由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成一個以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子的句子1. I believe you are right.2. If you study harder, you will pass the exam.49翻譯下列句子：翻譯下列句子：50 判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered m