講稿否定句語(yǔ)法

1、否定（negation）1.否定（negation） 是用來(lái)否認(rèn)一個(gè)事實(shí)的成立、存在或真實(shí)性的，在英語(yǔ)中表達(dá)這一意思就要借助一些否定詞如nothing、few、little等。 2.否定的形式全部否定部分否定雙重否定準(zhǔn)否定轉(zhuǎn)移否定特指否定多余否定2.1全部否定表示”全部沒(méi)有“、”大家都不“等概念的否定稱(chēng)為全部否定。 一、全部否定可以用完全表示否定的詞，如no, not, nor ,none, neither ,never ,nowhere, nothing, nobody等或短語(yǔ)no one, neithernor,not at all（一點(diǎn)也不） ,on no account (絕不）,no

2、t in the least（毫不，全無(wú) ）, by no means ,in no way。 1.None of the answers are correct. 沒(méi)有一個(gè)答案是正確的。 2.Neither the mother nor the father has seen such a small animal 爸爸和媽媽都沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)這么小的動(dòng)物 3 Young people shouldonnoaccountneglect their daily physical exercises. 青年人決不應(yīng)疏忽每天的體育鍛煉。 4 I amnotintheleastafraid. 我一點(diǎn)也不懼怕。

3、注意：by no means和on no account 區(qū)別：By no means:決不;毫不;一點(diǎn)也不;并沒(méi)有,側(cè)重?zé)o論從各種方式解釋?zhuān)瑳Q不 例： This by no means the first time you have been late.這絕不是你第一次遲到了。 On no account：絕對(duì)不，決不可以，絕不要，無(wú)論如何不要，切莫；側(cè)重不論出于什么原因，決不 例：Young people shouldonnoaccountneglect their daily physical exercises.青年人決不應(yīng)疏忽每天的體育鍛煉。 BACK二、用否定副詞not加不定代詞表

4、示否定：I have not any English novels. 我沒(méi)有英語(yǔ)書(shū)。She has not eaten anything today.她今天什么都沒(méi)吃BACK2.2部分否定部分否定的含義是“不都是”、“并不全是”。一、當(dāng)all, both, each, every (body, thing, where), absolutely, altogether, entirely, always, completely, necessarily等表示整體意義的代詞與否定副詞not連用時(shí)，構(gòu)成部分否定。All is not gold that glitter.(=Not all is g

5、old that glitters .) 發(fā)光的并非都是金子。Every one can not answer this question.并非每個(gè)人都能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 二、much, many, some, often等加上not，也能產(chǎn)生部分否定。He does not often go to the library.他不常去圖書(shū)館The rich are not always happy.富人未必總是幸福。注意：正確區(qū)分全部否定和部分否定的含義 Not all see the problem with the sense of urgency. （一部分人不認(rèn)為那很緊急=不是所有的人都認(rèn)

6、為這個(gè)問(wèn)題很緊急） Nobody sees the problem with the sense of urgency. （沒(méi)有人認(rèn)為這個(gè)問(wèn)題緊急）The tasks cannot both be plished simultaneously (同時(shí)). （這兩項(xiàng)任務(wù)無(wú)法同時(shí)完成 。）Neither of the tasks can be plished at present .（目前這兩項(xiàng)任務(wù)都無(wú)法完成。 ） BACK2.3雙重否定 雙重否定即否定的否定，因其否定意義互相抵消而取肯定意義。語(yǔ)氣要比肯定句重。即可譯成肯定形式，也可譯成雙重否定形式。雙重否定可以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可以表示委婉的說(shuō)法。

7、一、否定詞+without 1.We cannot live without air. 我們需要空氣才能生存=我們沒(méi)有了空氣就不能生存 2.We cant think of Egypt without thinking of the Nile 想起埃及，我們就會(huì)想到尼羅河二、否定詞+含否定詞綴（in-, im-, dis- ,un-, non-, -less等)的詞1.Its not infrequently that he gets angry.他發(fā)火是常有的事。2.Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.世上無(wú)難事只怕有心人三、否定詞+butThe

8、re is no one but hopes to travel around the world.沒(méi)有人不想環(huán)游世界。You can find that sort of trees nowhere but on this island.只能在這島上見(jiàn)到這種樹(shù)了。四、cannotbut+V , cannot help +V-ing , cannot help but+V. 不得不1.We cannot help admiring his courage.(我們不能不佩服他的勇敢)2.I cant help but feel sorry for her.(我不得不為她感到遺憾)3.We cann

9、ot help allowing him to leave.(我們不得不允許他離開(kāi))五、否定詞具有否定意義的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)。There is no denying the truth真理是不能否認(rèn)的。 The tart reply did not fort him那尖刻的回答并沒(méi)有使他難過(guò)。 In spite of the increased debts，few fail to repay 盡管借債越來(lái)越多，但很少有人不能償還欠款六、 其他表示雙重否定的情況1. There is no rule that has no exception任何規(guī)則都有例外。（兩個(gè)相同的否定詞重復(fù)使用）2. She

10、is a person of no little importance.她是一個(gè)舉足輕重的人。（兩個(gè)相同意義的否定詞重復(fù)使用）注意：1.當(dāng)雙重否定表示肯定時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣比肯定式表示的肯定語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng)。（否定否定=肯定，加強(qiáng)句子的肯定語(yǔ)氣。）No one has nothing to offer to society.(=Everyone has something to offer to society.)人人都有奉獻(xiàn)社會(huì)2.有些雙重否定很難甚至無(wú)法用肯定形式來(lái)表示，如生硬地改為肯定形式，將大大影響原意。No investigation, no right to speak(沒(méi)有調(diào)查研究，就沒(méi)有發(fā)言權(quán))

11、You cant make something out of nothing(巧婦難為無(wú)米之炊) BACK2.4準(zhǔn)否定 準(zhǔn)否定又稱(chēng)為半否定或幾乎否定，表示整個(gè)句子的意思幾乎接近于否定。由few, little, hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, seldom等半否定詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用肯定式構(gòu)成。它們?cè)诒硎痉穸êx時(shí)，不像no, never等詞那么絕對(duì)，而是留有余地語(yǔ)氣也比較弱。 I know little about the matter.我對(duì)此事幾乎一無(wú)所知。 He can barely read and write.他幾乎不能讀寫(xiě) This method i

12、s rarely used in modern laboratories. 現(xiàn)代實(shí)驗(yàn)室里很少使用這種辦法。 BACK2.5轉(zhuǎn)移否定 指某些主從復(fù)合句中，否定雖然出現(xiàn)在主句謂語(yǔ)部分，但實(shí)際上否定范圍轉(zhuǎn)移到從句部分的現(xiàn)象。一、多用于表示“判斷、看法”的動(dòng)詞，如believe, expect, assume, think, imagine, guess, suppose, figure, reckon(估計(jì)), anticipate(預(yù)料).I dont believe he is in.(我相信他沒(méi)在里面)I dont suppose anyone will object to the plan.

13、(我想沒(méi)人會(huì)反對(duì)這一計(jì)劃）二、seem, appear, feel, sound等系動(dòng)詞在句中的否定謂語(yǔ)形式也常會(huì)發(fā)生否定意義后移He doesnt seem to be satisfied with his pay.他看來(lái)對(duì)自己的報(bào)酬很不滿意。It doesnt look like its going to rain.好像不會(huì)下雨。三、在notbecause句型中，須根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)確定是否具有否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished.引擎并不是因?yàn)槿剂虾谋M而停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。Certainly I dont teach

14、 because teaching is easy for me.我當(dāng)然不是因?yàn)榻虝?shū)對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)很容易才教書(shū)的。 BACK 2.6特指否定 凡是句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被否定稱(chēng)為一般否定，其他非謂語(yǔ)成分被否定稱(chēng)為特指否定或局部否定。 The machine is working, but not properly. 機(jī)器在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，但不正常。 I told her not to worry. 我告訴她別發(fā)愁。 Once in the wilderness, your chief worry will be, not how to avoid other hikers, but how to not get lo

15、st. 一旦進(jìn)入杳無(wú)人煙之地，你主要擔(dān)憂的不是怎樣避開(kāi)其他徒步游客，而是怎樣不會(huì)迷路。BACK2.7多余否定 多余否定指的是在有些句子中，否定詞not可有可無(wú)，即有無(wú)not意思不變，因而這個(gè)否定詞是多余的，可以不譯。I wonder if we cannot get any more.我不知道我們能否再拿些。I dont know if Mr. Baker will not go to the movies tonight.我不知道貝克先生今晚是否去看電影。Im going to search my study to see if I cannot find the book.我要把書(shū)房搜一遍

16、看看能否找到這本書(shū)。Im not sure if Tom wont accept my offer.我不能肯定湯姆是否會(huì)接受我的幫助3.1含有否定意義的詞和短語(yǔ) 這類(lèi)詞和短語(yǔ)可分為動(dòng)詞型、名詞型、形容詞型、介詞型、副詞型、連詞型及其他習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)型等。 （1）動(dòng)詞型有：fail, deny, escape, miss, refuse, lack, avoid, resist, reject, decline, ignore, neglect, wonder, doubt, overlook, baffle (困惑 ), cease ,(停止) exclude(排斥，拒絕），defy(使不可能，無(wú)視

17、），forbid, refrain from （避免）, keep/protect/prevent/stopfrom,turn a deaf ear to（聽(tīng)而不聞）, keep s b. in the dark(不讓某人知道）,keep off, live up to(不辜負(fù)），give up, get rid of等。They failed to obtain the license. 他們未能獲得許可證。She lived up to her parents expectations. 她沒(méi)辜負(fù)父母的期望。（2）名詞型有：absence, failure, denial, refusal

18、, ignorance, lack, shortage, reluctance（不情愿）, exclusion（排除）, loss等。In the absence of any news from you, we have to sell the goods elsewhere.由于沒(méi)有得到你方的任何消息，我們只好把貨物另賣(mài)他處。Lack of vitamin B can produce a variety of symptoms.缺少維生素B會(huì)引發(fā)多種癥狀。（3）形容詞型有：absent, different, ignorant, reluctant ,free of/from, far f

19、rom, safe from, short of, clear of/from, foreign to, blind to(盲目), deaf to(充耳不聞), new to(對(duì)不熟悉）等。 Most of the roads are now free of snow. 大部分公路上現(xiàn)已無(wú)積雪了。 They are safe from suspicion. 他們沒(méi)有嫌疑。（4）介詞型有：above, against, before, below, beside, beyond, but, but for, except, off, past ,without, instead of, reg

20、ardless of, in spite of, at a loss, beneath ones notice(不屑一顧）,out of the question(不可能）,as opposed to(而非）等。I found myself at a loss for words of consolation.我想不出安慰的話來(lái)。This is a book about business practice as opposed to theory.這是一本講商務(wù)實(shí)踐而不是講理論的書(shū)。（5）副詞型有：barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom, little

21、, otherwise, in vain(徒勞）等。 He seldom showed his feelings. 他很少表露自己的感情。（6）連詞型有：before, rather than, unless等。 It grew dark before we finished our work. 我們活還沒(méi)干完天就黑了。 I rather than he am to blame. 是我該受批評(píng)，而不是他（7）習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)型有：much/still/even less(更不用說(shuō)），to say nothing of/not to speak of/not to mention/let alone(更

22、不用說(shuō)），other than（不同于，除了）,anything but(絕對(duì)不）,leave much to be desired(很不完善）等。 The wooden bridge is anything but safe. 這座木橋絕對(duì)不安全。 The plan leaves much to be desired. 這一計(jì)劃很不完善。 4.1幾種容易引起混淆的否定結(jié)構(gòu)5.1 I am no teacher./I am not a teacher.前者表示“我絕不是教師”，“我不善于教書(shū)”，“我不是教書(shū)的材料”等等，說(shuō)話人在職業(yè)上可能是教師，也可能不是教師；后者表示“我不是教師”（在職業(yè)上

23、），表明身份。He is no diplomat. 他沒(méi)有外交手腕。/他不懂外交。He is not a diplomat.他不是外交家。（表明身份）前者指確定的數(shù)目，強(qiáng)調(diào)“少”，可譯為“只不過(guò)，僅僅，才”；后者是客觀陳述，意為“不超過(guò)，不多于”。No more than 3 people came to my class, unfortunately.很遺憾，只有3個(gè)人來(lái)上我的課。The water is not more than five feet deep at any point.這里的水在任何地方都不超過(guò)5英尺深。5.2 no more than/not more than前者指的

24、是確切的數(shù)目，強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目之多，可譯為“多達(dá)，高達(dá)”，相當(dāng)于as, much/many as,與no more than意思剛好相反；not less than只是客觀表達(dá)“不少于”的意思。He won no less than 50 in the lottery. 他中了高達(dá)50英鎊的獎(jiǎng)券。Write a composition of not less than 200 words. 寫(xiě)一篇不少于200字的作文。5.3 no less than/not less thanA is no better than B表達(dá)了A和B都很壞（差），廣而言之，no bigger than極言其小，no fe

25、wer than極言其多，no wider than極言其窄，no thicker than極言其薄；A is not better than B只是客觀地進(jìn)行比較，一般譯為“A不比B好（強(qiáng)）”。Her French is no better than mine. 她的法語(yǔ)跟我一樣差。Her French is not better than mine. 她的法語(yǔ)不如我好。5.4 no better than /not better than前者表示“一點(diǎn)也不”（not at all);后者意為“非常，很，許多”（much)。She is not a bit timid. 她一點(diǎn)兒也不膽怯。S

26、he is not a little timid. 她非常膽怯。5.5 not a bit/not a little練習(xí)_ into pop music. some of them like it but the others dont like it at all.None of the students are All the students arentNo one isAll the students are答：B部分否定用all (every，both ) not相當(dāng)于 not all (every, both) 句式。如：all the pupils dont want to go there. 不是所有的學(xué)生都想去那。2.I_think