邏漢筆記后續(xù)課程唯一

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TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleWhichofthefollowingisthetextmainly（2011text3）Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedto（過去這樣現(xiàn)在不這樣）bethatyougotwhatyoupaidforNolongerWhile（強(qiáng)對比）traditionalpaidmedia-suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisementsstillplayamajorwhenthey||（重點(diǎn)）companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate"owned"media （表?xiàng)l件）sendinge-mailalertsaboutproducts||andsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebesite.ThewayconsumersnowapproachtheboardrangeoffactorswhentheyConsumersmaycreat"earned"obsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebinspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem（and前后eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityenthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts（同義替換一一對Usedto，noWhichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyAlternativestoconventionalpaidmedia（第一段就可看出時(shí)間對比ConflictbetweenhijackedandearnedDominanceofhijackedPopularityofowned（2008text2）Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet–andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit–ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality...Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness(example)Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?(時(shí)間對比TheInternetisposingathreattoAnewmodeofpublicationisAuthorswelcome（拔刀相助）thenewchannelforpublication.（命題人從Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonline（2005text3）Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”therandombyproductsoftheneuralrepairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“It’syourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeit,changeit.”Researchershavecometo（NOW）believethat canbemodifiedintheiraresusceptibletoemotionalreflectourinnermostdesiresandfearsarearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs（2006text3）Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggest largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingsmallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared（比較級慎選largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreatslow-growingfishoutlivefast-growing（2005text3）ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’sevents--until,itappears,webegintodream.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytend aggravateinourunconsciousdevelopintohappypersisttillthetimewefallshowupindreamsearlyat（2007text3）Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcounton（dependon）hardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.WhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthisTheMiddleClassontheTheMiddleClassontheCliff（有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不安全TheMiddleClassinTheMiddleClassin（2009text2）Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe'sthekid'sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshows easyflexibilityinsuccessfulpopularitywith（2-2011text2）Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearagotheendseemednear.||Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.（表否定）Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe [A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind（反）[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStory（反）（2-2013text1）Inanessayentitled“MakingItinAmerica”,theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottonaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillonlytwoemployeestoday,”amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.”Davidsonsarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepoint（直擊要害）thatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropinthedemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworker.Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob，couldearnanaveragelifestyle,But,today,averageisofficiallyover.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitlefortheNewLawTakesTechnologyGoesAverageIsRecessionIs（2-2011text4）WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.||Noweventheproject’sgreatestcheerleader’stalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowerItistoosoontowriteoff（下結(jié)論，off表結(jié)束）theEUItremainstheworld’slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest（感情色彩），theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismRegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemsto （2011text3）Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorsforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia-forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetraffic（流量）issostrongthatotherorganizationplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature(asafebusinessrandomStronguserflexibilityin（2010text1）WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusedreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedfreecasualelaborateradical（2011text3）Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorsforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia-forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthanotherorganizationplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.（2013text1）Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffecther.Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswithfeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.Priestlycriticizesherassistantforpoorbargaininginsensitivitytofashion.obsessionwithhighlackof（2005text3）Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtoleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjustnoise”--therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“It’syourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeit,changeit.”Evidencefrombrainimaging（成像）supportsthisview.||ThebrainisasactiveduringREM1(rapideyemovement)sleep--whenmostvividdreamsoccur--asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem紙老虎2(the“emotionalbrain)isespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortex3(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday.saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendsto itsfunctioninourdreamsthemechanismofREMsleeptherelationofdreamstoemotions（代詞指代，直指中心itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortexAccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwith Bottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5asWhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’sFromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumer’shabitsaredevelopeddueperfectedartofautomaticbehavior commercialscientificTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabits（2-2010text3）Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors—habits—amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.（文章中單詞放在文章中做理解）“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirtyhandsinsteadofasoaphabit,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”Dr.Curtissaid.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever—hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.Routine：Aroutineistheusualseriesofthingsthatyoudoataparticulartime.Aroutineisalsothepracticeofregularlydoingthingsinafixedorder.||Aroutinesituation,action,oreventisonewhichseemscompletelyordinary,ratherthaninteresting,exciting,ordifferent.Habit：Ahabitissomethingthatyoudooftenor“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,owned（2011text3）Paidand arecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorsforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedownedbecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia-forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthanotherorganizationplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitseffectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurtherJohnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies'marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paidmedia—suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements–stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earnedmediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,andacompanymayleverageownedmediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketingsimpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.（三個(gè)媒體下定義）Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers’responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer’spaidmedia–forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.||Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies’marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchanges{thathaveprovidedmarketersmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoices}havealsoincreasedtherisk{thatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.}||Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedinviteconstantconflictswithpassionatecanbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.（12句反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)mayberesponsibleforfiercerdeserveallthenegativecommentsaboutIfthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeothersto（negativeallegations）productsputtingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompanysresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.（maynotbetoo...，再...也不為過）ToyotaMotor’sexperienceiscitedasanexamplerespondingeffectivelytohijackedpersuadingcustomersintoboycottingcooperatingwithsupportivetakingadvantageofhijacked串線：各段首末句串聯(lián)，注意轉(zhuǎn)折處（普世中心詞：文中反復(fù)高頻出現(xiàn)的詞（小心同義改寫中心句：文章開頭的提問的回答＋獨(dú)句段（抓住讀者注意力＋長難句（2010text2）Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.||Areceivedoneforits"one-click"onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.（強(qiáng)對比）Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappears（似乎）completelyreadytoscaleonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is"averybigdeal",saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents."Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbe（）adramaticabout-face,||becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsstatestreetBankTheFederalCircuit's（court）actioncomesinthewakeof（緊隨其后）aseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt",saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectoftheAlooming（若隱若現(xiàn)）threattobusiness-methodProtectionforbusinessmethodpatentholders（正面Alegalcaseregardingbusinessmethodpatents（一個(gè)案例無感情態(tài)度Aprevailing（大勢所趨）trendagainstbusiness-methodpatents（2014text2）Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession---withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.But（表遞進(jìn)）therearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthan（解釋說明第一段--無轉(zhuǎn)折優(yōu)先考慮因果）Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostly（進(jìn)一步解釋）Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexamThisleavestoday’saveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard.Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird.Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirms’efficiency.Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.Inthistext,theauthormainly flawedownershipofAmerica’slawfirmsanditscauses（缺解決方法thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica（非中心aprobleminAmerica’slegalprofessionandsolutionstotheroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmerica’slegaleducation（第一個(gè)原因）（2011text2）WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.”Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision,”McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutaposition（裸辭）linedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisntalone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon’tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveonAturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringThedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:“Ican’tthinkofasinglesearchI’vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven’talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeago,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.“Thetraditionalrulewasit’ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat’sbeenfundamentallyinverted,”saysoneheadhunter.“Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoolong.”CEOs:WheretoCEOsAlltheWayUp?（一路高升TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet（文藝范TheOnlyWayOutforTop（2013text3）Upuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely—thoughbynomeansuniformly—glowinglypositive.Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfillmentandopportunityforall.Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicflutoclimatechange.YoumightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardButsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears—sowhyshouldn’twe?Takeabroaderlookatourspecies’placeintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LookupHomosapiensinthe“RedList”ofthreatenedspeciesoftheinternationalUnionfortheConcentrationofNature(IUCN),andyouwillread:“ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyincreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline.”Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersandorganizationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.Forexample,theLongNowFoundationhasasitsflagshipprojectamechanicalclockthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousan