先進制造技術(shù)課程論文01.docx

快速原型技術(shù)概述Overview of rapid prototyping technology摘要Abstract近年來，快速原型技術(shù)（RP）發(fā)展迅速，并被應用于各個工業(yè)領域，展現(xiàn)出了它特有的優(yōu)勢。這項技術(shù)能利用一些特種材料（比如光固化樹脂、粉紙等），直接將cad的三維模型快速成型為實體零件。本文將主要對這項技術(shù)的在制造業(yè)中的優(yōu)勢和應用范圍進行概述，此外，我也會試著討論此項技術(shù)在未來的發(fā)展趨勢。In recent years, rapid prototyping (RP) technology is developing rapidly , and is used in various industrial fields, demonstrated its unique advantages. This technology can use some special materials (such as UV cureable resin, powder paper, etc.), directly make the three-dimensional model of the CAD rapidly prototype to be solid parts. This article focuses on an overview of the advantages and range of applications of this technology in manufacturing, furthermore I will try to discuss the trends of this technology in the future.關鍵詞：快速原型，制造業(yè)，發(fā)展趨勢Keywords: rapid prototyping, manufacturing, development trend1. RP原理與特點1. RP principle and characteristics 快速原型制造技術(shù)興起于十幾年前，與傳統(tǒng)的去除型加工不同，RP是一種基于堆積原理的“生長型”加工，也稱為分層疊加成形。在計算機的管理與控制下，先將CAD模型離散成一層層截面輪廓信息，然后在RP成形設備上依次制造出各個片層并逐層粘結(jié)成一體，從而堆積出三維實體制件。由此可見，RP可以在零件CAD模型的驅(qū)動下，快速制造出任意復雜形狀的實體。The rapid prototyping technology grow up in more than a decade ago, different from traditional removal machining, RP is a Growing machining based on the principle of accumulation, also known as laminated object manufacturing. Under the management and control of the computer, firstly the CAD model will be separated to several layers which contain the 3D information, then manufacture each layer on the RP forming equipment, and attach layer by layer into one part, at last we get a three-dimensional solid part by accumulating. Thus it can be seen, the RP technology can rapidly manufactured any solid part with complex shapes driven by CAD models.快速原型技術(shù)擁有以下特點:The rapid prototyping technology has the following features:（1）快速性，從CAD 設計到完成原型制作通常只需幾個小時到幾十個小時，加工周期短;（1）Rapidity, from CAD design to complete prototyping it usually takes only a few hours or dozens of hours, machining cycle times are short;（2）低成本，與產(chǎn)品的復雜程度無關，一般制作費用降低50%，特別適合新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)和單件小批量零件的生產(chǎn);(2) low-cost, regardless of the complexity of the product, generally a 50% reduction in production costs is possible , particularly suitable for the development of the new products and production of single-piece or small quantities of parts;（3）具有高柔性，采用非接觸加工的方式，無需任何工夾具，即可快速成型出具有一定精度和強度并滿足一定功能的原型和零件。(3) having a high flexibility, the use of non-contact machining, without any tools, can quickly forming a prototype and parts which have a certain accuracy and strength and meeting certain function;（4）高集成化，RP 技術(shù)是集計算機、CAD/CAM、數(shù)控、激光、材料和機械等一體化的先進制造技術(shù)，整個生產(chǎn)過程實現(xiàn)自動化、數(shù)字化。(4) high integration, the rapid prototyping technology is an advanced manufacturing which integrated a set of technologies, such as computer, CAD / CAM, CNC, laser, material and machinery , the entire production process achieves automation and digitization. 在實際加工過程中，快速原型技術(shù)的成型工藝方法有幾十種之多，常見的有SLA（Stereolithgraphy Apparatus），LOM（Laminated Object Manufacturing），SLS（Selective Laser Sintering），F(xiàn)DM（Fused Deposition Modeling）和基于噴射的RP技術(shù)。In the actual machining process, the moulding process method of the rapid prototyping technology has a dozens of kinds, the common ones are as follow:SLA（Stereolithgraphy Apparatus），LOM（Laminated Object Manufacturing），SLS（Selective Laser Sintering），F(xiàn)DM（Fused Deposition Modeling）SLAStereolithgraphy ApparatusFDMFused Deposition ModelingSLSSelective Laser SinteringLOMLaminated Object ManufacturingAdvantage (1) high forming speed and forming precision, high surface quality;(2) suitable for small pieces and meticulous pieces. (1) suitable for forming many types of materials, high sample strength, be able to directly manufacture part made of ABS plastic;(2) high dimensional accuracy and good surface quality, easy to assemble;(3) high material utilization;(4) operating environment is clean, safe ,so suitable for office environment. (1) contain the concept of directly metal making, be able to obtain plastic, wax or the metal part directly;(2) high material utilization; shape faster. (1) a high forming precision;(2) only need to cut the contour line, high production efficiency, suitable for bigger pieces and solid parts;(3) the sample made out have the hardness similar to the wooden products, suitable for machinability to a certain degree disadvantage (1)Do further curing treatment after forming;(2) after curing the UV cureable resin will be more brittle, easily broken, low workability;(3) Operating temperature can not exceed 100 , the forming parts are easy to absorb water and swell, and corrosion resistance is weak. (1) a longer forming time;(2) less precise than the SLA when make small pieces and meticulous pieces(1) the forming part always has poor strength and surface quality, also the accuracy is low.(2) in the post-treatment its difficult to ensure the accuracy of the workpiece size, complicated post-treatment process, big sample deformation, difficult to be assembled.(1) is unfit for thin-walled prototype;(2) surface is relatively rough, a stepped pattern in the workpiece surface, polishing after forming is required;(3) easy to absorb water and swell, after forming moisture-proof is required;(4) the workpiece has poor strength, and always lack flexibility. and other rapid prototyping technology.2. RP在制造業(yè)中的優(yōu)勢和應用范圍the advantages and range of applications of RP 由于快速原型技術(shù)自身的特點，在加工過程中，它不需要傳統(tǒng)的多坐標數(shù)控機床、刀具和夾具，一般只需傳統(tǒng)加工方法半數(shù)不到的工時和非常小的成本，就能把體現(xiàn)設計思想的CAD模型轉(zhuǎn)化為物理實體，從而可以有效地縮短開發(fā)周期，提高企業(yè)的競爭力。Due to the characteristics of the rapid prototyping technology, in the machining process, it does not require the traditional multi-coordinate CNC machine tools, cutting tools and fixtures, generally only take less than half of the working hours which the traditional processing methods take and take very little cost as well, and will be able to make the CAD model reflecting the design thinking into a physical solid part, which can effectively shorten the development cycle of the product, improve the competitiveness of enterprises. 首先，快速原型技術(shù)在概念設計方面具有天生的優(yōu)勢。概念設汁是產(chǎn)品設計中最關鍵、最復雜、最具決定性和和創(chuàng)造性的階段，其重要性體現(xiàn)在兩個方面：首先概念設計階段在很大程度上決定著最終產(chǎn)品的性能、創(chuàng)造性、價格、市場響應速度和效率等，此外，雖然概念設計階段實際投入的費用只占產(chǎn)品開發(fā)總成本的很小一部分，卻決定了產(chǎn)品總成本的絕大部分。而且詳細設計階段很難甚至不能糾正概念設計階段的設計缺陷和錯誤，它嚴重影響到產(chǎn)品設計與開發(fā)。結(jié)合RP技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢之后，很顯然，概念設計將變的非常順利，企業(yè)可以對市場的變化作出非?？斓姆磻?，設計出市場上暢銷的產(chǎn)品，并更快糾正概念設計上的缺陷和不足，從而更快的投入生產(chǎn)。Firstly, the rapid prototyping technology has an innate advantage in conceptual design. The conceptual design is the most critical and most complex, the most decisive and creative stage in a product design process, and its importance is reflected in two aspects: Firstly, the conceptual design stage largely determines the performance , creativity, the price of the final product, market response speed and efficiency, etc. In addition, the actual investment costs of conceptual design stage make up only a small fraction of the total cost of product development, while it has decided most of the total cost of the product. And the detailed design stage it is difficult even can not to correct design flaws and errors of the conceptual design stage, it has a serious impact on product design and development. With the advantages of RP technology, it is clear that the concept design will become very smooth, companies can make a very fast response to changes in the market, designs best-selling products on the market, and faster to correct defects and deficiencies in the conceptual design, and be able to make faster production as well. 其次，RP技術(shù)并沒有僅僅停留在制作概念原型上，經(jīng)過十幾年的發(fā)展，國外相繼推出了一些直接成形金屬材料的RP系統(tǒng)，并開始實際用于快速制作金屬模具乃至金屬零件。與此同時，RP技術(shù)也已能快速制作在實際產(chǎn)品中使用的功能性塑料（比如聚碳酸脂）零件。由此可見，RP技術(shù)已經(jīng)具有了制造最終產(chǎn)品的功能，從而表明它的內(nèi)涵正從快速原型制造向快速制造（RM，Rapid Manufacturing）方向發(fā)展。其中，制作金屬模具的發(fā)展尤為迅速，以母模為基礎來制造各種模具，速度快、成本低，但母模，特別是形狀復雜的母模獲取不易，而RP技術(shù)很容易將體現(xiàn)設計構(gòu)思的CAD模型變?yōu)榉墙饘俨牧系哪改?，為快速制模（RT，Rapid Tooling）技術(shù)注入了新的活力。Secondly, the rapid prototyping technology is not merely on manufacturing the concept of the production, after ten years of development, the foreign research institute successively launched RP system which can directly shaped metal material, and start to actually use the system for the rapid production of metal moulds and even metal parts. At the same time, RP technology has been able to quickly manufacture functional plastic parts used in the actual product (such as polycarbonate). Thus it can be seen, RP technology has already had the ability to manufacture the final product, thereby it is demonstrating that the connotation of RP is developing from the rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing (RM, Rapid Manufacturing). Among the several technologies the production of metal moulds is particularly rapid developing, manufacturing all kinds of mould based on a, will be faster, lower-cost, but the, especially master pattern with the complex shape is not easy to obtain, but the RP technology can easily make the CAD model embodying design ideas become the non-metallic materials master pattern, which has injected new vitality for rapidly mould making technology (known as RT, Rapid Tooling).此外，RP技術(shù)在醫(yī)用假肢制造方面有很好的發(fā)展前景。醫(yī)用假肢的外形依病人的不同而不同。我們很容易通過醫(yī)學影像技術(shù)得到假肢三維形狀，但用傳統(tǒng)方法加工卻很難達到精度，而且加工周期長，成本高。利用RP技術(shù)則完全不同，它能實現(xiàn)高柔性加工，快速制造出適合人體應用的醫(yī)用假肢。In addition, the RP technology in the field of manufacturing of medical prostheses has good development prospects. The appearance of medical differs from patient to patient. We can easily obtain the three-dimensional shape of prostheses through medical imaging technology, but it is difficult to achieve machining accuracy using the traditional method, and machining cycle is relatively long, the cost is also so high. The RP technology is completely different, it can achieve a highly flexible manufacturing, and rapidly manufacture the medical prostheses for human application.3. RP在未來的發(fā)展趨勢3. Development trend of RP in the future 盡管RP技術(shù)在制造業(yè)領域已經(jīng)有了如此多的應用，而且與傳統(tǒng)加工方式相比擁有如此多的優(yōu)勢，但是，RP技術(shù)目前的發(fā)展水平也還存在一些局限性。比如： Although RP technology already has so many applications in the manufacturing sector, and compared with the traditional processing methods it has so many advantages, but there are still some limitations on the current level of development of RP technology. For example:（1）成形精度不高。影響RP成形精度的因素很多，它既包括分割處理中存在的誤差，也包括成形過程中，由于材料的相變和溫度變化而出現(xiàn)的加工誤差。此外，成形速度與成形精度之間還存在矛盾，為提高成型精度而減少切片層厚度會降低成形效率，反之，為加快成型速度而增加切片層厚度會降低成型精度。由于精度不夠，目前RP技術(shù)尚難于制造精度較高的最終產(chǎn)品。(1) Forming accuracy is not high. The factor which influence RP forming precision is various, including not only the errors exist in division processing, but also the errors caused by the phase change and the temperature change of the material in the forming process. In addition, there exists a contradiction between the forming speed and the forming accuracy .Reducing the thickness of the slice layer to improve the forming accuracy will reduce the forming efficiency Conversely, to accelerate the speed, increasing the thickness of the slice layer will reduce the forming accuracy. Due to lack of precision, the RP technique is hard to be used in the manufacturing processing of the final product, which requires high precision.（2）處理工藝成熟的材料范圍有限。前文已經(jīng)提到，目前比較成熟的RP工藝所處理的材料大概只限于樹脂、蠟、某些工程塑料和紙等幾種。用這些材料制成的零件，即使經(jīng)過后處理也大多不能作為真正的機械零件使用。而以金屬材料作為RP的處理對象的工藝尚不十分成熟，如何提高金屬直接成型的加工精度、表面質(zhì)量和機械性能并降低成本，尚有許多工作要做。(2)The range of materials which can be maturely manufactured by RP technology is limited. As already mentioned before, the materials handled by the more mature RP process is probably only limited to several materials like the resin, wax, some engineering plastics and paper. Parts made of these materials, even after treatment mostly can not be used as a real mechanical part. Processing or technology which take metallic materials as RP object is not mature yet. How to improve the machining accuracy, surface quality and mechanical performance of metal directly forming technology, and how to get lower costs, still needs a lot of work to do. （3）設備投資大、材料費用高。RP工藝的研發(fā)成本高，這種研發(fā)成本必定轉(zhuǎn)移到相應的工藝裝備上去，加之RP設備屬小批生產(chǎn)，因而其價格居高不下。此外，RP工藝對材料有特殊要求，其專用成形材料價格相對偏高。設備和材料的價格也影響了RP技術(shù)的普及和應用。(3) a large investment in equi