(精品)初中英語長難句——語篇從句講義(初中學(xué)生版)

1、初中英語閱讀理解之長難句分析講義語篇學(xué)語法從句I arrived in London on a foggy day, to go to a very important meeting. The place where the meeting was going to be hed was on the other side of the town. All traffic came to a stobecause the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them. The meeting would begi

2、n at 9:00, so I decided to go there on foot.Minutes later, I was completely lost. I stood there and though that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain that I was not able to arrive there on time. Then I heard a young man' voice coming out of the fog, “suppose you are lost. Can I help yo

3、u?' I was very glad to have a man who could take me to the meet ing. Afterward I told him where I wan ted to go, took his arm, and we started. We walked quite fast, turning corners and crossing roads.As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered why he found his way so easily. “I know t

4、his part of London quite well,' he said.But in such a fog it's impossible to see anything： I said.“ am blind, sir.” he answered, In the fog, it is exactly the same for me as usual.在英語語法中，按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)，英語句子主要可以分為三種類型：簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合 句。1. 簡單句：最基本的句子類型，一個(gè)句子中只含有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。Eg： My uncle gives me a camera.2. 并列句：由

5、兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上獨(dú)立的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或簡單句并列在一起的，通常用并列連詞來連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子，Eg： Jim went to the party last night, _but his wife didn't.Study hard and you will make progress.3. 復(fù)合句：由一個(gè)主句與一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句（從句有相應(yīng)的連詞引導(dǎo)）組成的句子。因此，復(fù)合句含有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（完整的句子），句子與句子之間用連接詞 連 接。其中，主句部分可以獨(dú)立存在，但從句擔(dān)當(dāng)了主句某一句子成分，故通常不能獨(dú)立 存在。根據(jù)從句在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，可以將其分?類，即主語從句

6、、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。從句的本質(zhì):名詞性從句1. 主語從句：，而不是用單詞或短語來充當(dāng)主語。eg: What you need is more practice.(2) When the meeti ng will be held has not bee n announ ced.(3) That he will not attend the meeting is clear.(4) Whether it will do us harm or good is unknown.注:有時(shí)，為了避免將太長的主語放在句首而使句子顯得頭重腳輕，通常用代詞n做形式主語，而將

7、真正的主語從句放到句子的后面。例如：(1) It is clear that he will not atte nd the meet ing.(2) It is unknown whether it will do us harm or good.主語從句引導(dǎo)詞：連詞that (在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，本身沒有詞義)， 連詞whether (意思是“是否”) 連接代詞 what， whatever, who，whoever，which 等引導(dǎo)， 連接副詞 when, where, how，why等引導(dǎo)。2. 表語從句：。跟在系動(dòng)詞后面的句子成分就是表語。eg: (1) That is what

8、I want to say. ( what在從句中充當(dāng) ，不能省略)(2) My opi nio n is that we should make a decisi on right now.(that只引導(dǎo)，本身無詞義，在從句中也不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，可以省略)(3) The problem is who should be resp on sible for this car accide nt.(who在從句中當(dāng)，不能省略)(4) What I want to know (從句)is who is in charge of the work (從句).(用于引導(dǎo)從句的what和引導(dǎo)從句的w

9、ho都不能省略)(5) It looks as if it' going to rain. ( looks是系動(dòng)詞)3. 賓語從句： ，在動(dòng)詞或介詞的后面通常都跟有賓語。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連接詞與主語從句和表語從句一樣，是that, whether ( if ), who, whoever，which，when, where, how, why， what，whatever等。例如本文中出現(xiàn)的幾個(gè)賓語從句：(1) I stood there and thoughtthat I would have to phone to the meet ing to expla in that I wa

10、s not able to arrive there on time第 句是 thought的賓語從句，第 句是 explain 的賓語從句。(2) I supposeyou are lost.這是 suppose的賓語從句，省略了 that).(3) Afterward I told him where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started.(這是told的賓語從句，充當(dāng)間接賓語，引導(dǎo)詞 where在從句中充當(dāng)狀語)(4) I wondered why he found his way so easily.(wondered的賓從，why

11、在從句中充當(dāng)狀語)另外：賓語從句除了可以跟在及物動(dòng)詞之后外，還可以跟在介詞的后面，充當(dāng)介詞的賓語。Eg： Your composition is quite good except that there are some spelling mistakes.(充當(dāng)介詞except的賓語)What we should take with us (主語從句)depends on where w'l stay.(充當(dāng)介詞on的賓語)在使用賓語從句時(shí)，要注意：1賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài) 當(dāng)主句是過去時(shí)的某種時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)也要用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)的時(shí)態(tài)。Eg： The teacher asked him w

12、hether he had studied English for 6 years. 但如果主句是現(xiàn)在的時(shí)態(tài)，則從句的時(shí)態(tài)根據(jù)從句本身的實(shí)際情況而定。Eg： I am glad that you passed the exam.2) that在引導(dǎo)賓語從句通常都省略，如上文中的第句。3) 如果主句中it做形式賓語，而that引導(dǎo)賓語從句是真正的賓語時(shí)，that不能省略。Eg： Many stude nts take_it for gran ted that their pare nts should do everyth ing for them.(it是形式賓語，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句是真正

13、的賓語，不能省略that)形容詞性從句5. 定語從句： 。在全句中相當(dāng)于形容詞，用來修飾先行詞(即被定語從句修飾的詞)一一名詞或代詞，或修飾整個(gè)主句。定語從句屬于非獨(dú)立性從句，本身不 能獨(dú)立存在，應(yīng)該緊跟在它的先行詞之后。根據(jù)與先行詞之間關(guān)系的密切程度，定語從句分 為兩類：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。由關(guān)系代詞(who, whom, whose, which, that, as)或關(guān)系副詞(when, where, why)引導(dǎo)的從句，限制性定語從句：與先行詞的關(guān)系密切，如果將定語從句刪掉，那么剩下的主句部分就會 含混不清，另外，限制性定語從句之前不用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號。女口上文中： The pl

14、ace where the meeting was going to be he! was on the other side of the town. I was very glad to have a mn who could take me to the meet ing.非限制性定語從句：對先行詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋或說明，如果刪除掉，不影響整個(gè)句子的基本意思，通常用逗號與主句部分分開。例如：(1) A student, whose name I don know, comes to see you.(2) They will fly to London, where they pla n

15、to stay for a week.(3) Tom did n'tpass the maths exam, which made his parents angry.(4) One of the most senic areas is the Loire 祐Iley, where you can visit the old castles in which the kings and quee ns of France used to live.分析： 在上文第句 The place where the meeting was going to be hed was on the o

16、ther side of the town.中，主句部分是 The place was on the other side of the town.由關(guān)系副詞 where 引導(dǎo)的從句 where the meeting was going to be held!表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞 the place的定語，引導(dǎo) 詞where在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語,相當(dāng)于in the place注1需要注意的是，當(dāng)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞可以是關(guān)系代詞that或which , 但有時(shí)也用關(guān)系副詞whereo例如：(1) This is the place which / that we visited la

17、st year.(2) This is the place where I once worked.具體區(qū)別在于：引導(dǎo)詞that或which是關(guān)系代詞，在從句中要充當(dāng)主語或賓語。在第(1)句中，which / that在定語從句中相當(dāng)于 做的 語；而引導(dǎo)詞where是關(guān)系副詞，在定語從句中只能擔(dān)當(dāng)狀語，如第 (2)句中，where做的 語，相當(dāng)于，從句可以理解為：.注2：另外，當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞時(shí)，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞同樣可以是that或which，有時(shí)也用when，其區(qū)別也是如此：that / which在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語，而關(guān)系副詞 when則在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語。例

18、如：(1) We ofte n thi nk of the days which / that we spe nt together on the isla nd.(2) We ofte n thi nk of the days when we worked together in the tow n.雖然這兩個(gè)句子的先行詞都是the days但是在第一句中，which / that相當(dāng)于，在定語從句中做謂語動(dòng)詞 的語；在第二句中，when相當(dāng)于，在定語從句中做語：還有一個(gè)關(guān)系副詞why可以用于引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，其先行詞只能是reason why指原因，在定語從句中只能做原因狀語。例如：Th

19、e reason why I was late for the class was that I missed the bus.在上文的第句中：I was very glad to have a mn who could take me to the meet ing 主句 部分是I was very glad to have a man定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞 who引導(dǎo)的，其先行詞是a man。 當(dāng)先行詞是人時(shí)，其定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞可以是 who，whom也可以是that。例如:Where is the man (who / whom / that) I saw yesterday用于引導(dǎo)定語從

20、句中引導(dǎo)詞還有關(guān)系代詞whom, whose, which和as，其具體用法如下：1. whom:先行詞必須是人，whom在定語從句中只能做賓語。例如：He is the man whom I met yesterday該句中的whom可以換成who或that，也可以省略。who和that在定語從句中可以充當(dāng) 主語和賓語，因此，當(dāng)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)賓語時(shí)，who， that和whom可以互換，也可以省略。但是，如果在 引導(dǎo)詞前面出現(xiàn)了介詞，則只能使用whom例如：I like my English teacher, from whom I learn a lot.如果先行詞是并列情況

21、，既有人又有物時(shí)，只能用 that。例如：They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.（先行詞既有人一teachers又有物schools）2. whose相當(dāng)于形容詞性的物主代詞，是唯一一個(gè)可以在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中充當(dāng)定語的 引導(dǎo)詞，其先行詞可以是物，也可以是人。例如：（1）You are the only person whose advice he might listen to.（先行詞是人）（2）I dlike a room whose window faces south.（先行詞是物）3. wh

22、ich:其先行詞只能是物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，在做賓語時(shí)，可以省略。多 數(shù)情況下可以與that互換。例如：（1）This is the photo which shows my little pet cat.（which在定語從句中做主語，不能省略，可以換成that）（2）I ve lost the watch which I bought last week.（which在定語從句中做bought的賓語，可以省略，可以換成that）但是，which可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，或指代前面整個(gè)主句的意思，而that卻不可以。 eg： They have three houses, which

23、 are built of stone. （which 在引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語從句）She married Tom, which surprised every one. （which指 She married Tom 這件事，不能用 that） 如果在表示物的先行詞后面有介詞，引導(dǎo)詞不能用that，只能用which。例如：The train on which she was traveling was late.4. as:關(guān)系代詞，常用于兩個(gè)句型中：suchas（像,一樣的）,the sameas（和,同樣的），其中，such和same作定語，修飾主句中的名詞或代詞先行詞，as在所引導(dǎo)的定

24、語從句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語和表語。例如：Such coun tries_as lie in the Middle America are small in area.（such修飾先行詞countries，as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中充當(dāng)主語）He is not the same man_as he was.（the same修飾先行詞man, as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中充當(dāng)表語）另外，as還可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，所引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以位于主句的后面，也可以位于主句的前面，用來指代整個(gè)句子或主句的一部分，并對其加以補(bǔ)充或說明。例如：This elephant is like a snake, as /

25、 which everybody can see. （which 在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的 時(shí)候，只能放在主句的后面。）As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake.副詞性從句6. 狀語從句： ，可以修飾謂語或整個(gè)句子。可以表示地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式、比較、條件等。時(shí)間狀語從句：常用于引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞有：when, while, as, as soon as, before, after, till, until, since, directly, immediately, the moment / second

26、 / minute / instant （that）（, 就,）,every time （每次），each time （每次）等。例如上文中的第句：As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered why he found his way so easily.Eg: I 'tell him the news the minute he gets here.I was watchi ng TV when my mother came in.Do not stop every time you come to a word or

27、phras毎ou don，t know.I ' speak to him as soon as he comes back.The young man phoned his mother immediately he reached the uni versitv.He had scarcely entered the room when it began to rain.地點(diǎn)狀語從句：常用于引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句的連詞有 where和wherever。例如：Where there is a will, there is a way原因狀語從句：常用于引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞有：because

28、, since（now that）, as, fc等。例如上文中的第句話：All traffic came to a stop because the drivers were not able to seemore tha n a yard in front of them.目的狀語從句： 常由連詞so that, sothat,in order that引導(dǎo)。例如：Eg: He studies very hard so that he may pass the final exam.He studies _so hard that he may pass the final exam.結(jié)果

29、狀語從句：常由連詞so that, sothat,suchthat-等引導(dǎo)。例如：He spoke very clearly so that I understood him quite well.讓步狀語從句：多由連詞though （雖然），although （雖然），even if （即使），even though （即 使），while （然而），whereas（盡管，但是）等引導(dǎo)。例如：Although it is win ter, it is not very cold. （although 同于 though，注意不要與 but 連用）Even if it is raining,

30、we 'll go.（同于 even though）They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat.方式狀語從句：多由as, as if, though引導(dǎo)。例如：I have cha nged the plan as you suggest.Out teacher loves us as if / as though we were her childre（.從句中使用了虛擬語氣）比較狀語從句：常用than和as引導(dǎo)。例如：This questi on is more difficult than I thought

31、.條件狀語從句：由連詞 if, unless （= if not）（如果不），given （that）（鑒于、如果），supposing （that） （假如）,assuming （that）（假如）,providing （that）（假如）等引導(dǎo)。例如:If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the park.Uni ess he studies hard, he will n ever pass the exam in ati on.注意：if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句有兩種情況：一種是表示可能成為現(xiàn)實(shí)的情況，即真實(shí)條件 句；但是如果假設(shè)的情況完全不存在或?qū)?/p>

32、現(xiàn)的可能性極小，可以說幾乎沒有時(shí)，就是非真實(shí) 條件句，即虛擬條件句（虛擬語氣）。纟吉論:無論是哪一類從句，本質(zhì)都是，必須是一個(gè)完整的句子，要具備完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)；其次，必須有連詞引起句子；第三，從句都應(yīng)使用陳述語序（這是為什么呢？ ）。大顯身手：Directions: There are 20 in complete sentences in this sect ion. For each senten ce, there are 4 choices of wordsmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE an swer that best completes

33、the senten ces.1. Do you remember the dayhe fell off the tree?A. whichB. thatC. whe nD. where2. It wasn' such a good dinnershe had promised us.A. thatB. whichC. asD. what3. The baby didntstop cryingthe mother came in.A. un tilB. whe nC. as soon as D. as4. You see the light ningit happe ns, but y

34、ou hear the thun der later.A. i n the min uteB. the mi nuteC. for the mi nuteD. on the mi nute5. I have not found my book yet; I am not sureI could have done with it.A. whetherB. whyC. whatD. whe n6. Although Anne is happy with her success , she wonderswill happen to her familyA. thatB. whatC. itD. this7. There is no doubthe will soon come .A. thatB. whyC. ifD. whether8. Don't go into that old housethere are many mice.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. where9. The speaker talked of some wr