演講的文體特點(diǎn)

1、 Stylistic Feature of SpeechWhat is Pubic Speaking? Public speaking is the way of making your ideas public, of sharing them with other people and influence them. Types of Public Speaking Informative 信息性演講 Persuasive 勸說(shuō)性演講Qualification of a Good Speech A proper topic with a clear purpose 選題合適，意圖明確 We

2、althy contents and convincing materials 內(nèi)容豐富，有理有據(jù) Reasonable structure and logical development 展開得當(dāng)，布局合理 Appropriate Rhetoric 修辭得體Basic Structure of a Speech Introduction Body ConclusionBeginning the Speech Get the Audiences Attention Establish the need Reveal the topic and your interest or point of

3、 view Establish credibility and goodwill with the audience Preview the body of the speechHow to open your speech Asking rhetorical question 設(shè)問(wèn) Creating a suspense 懸念 Relating a story/an example 講故事/舉例 Citing a quotation 引言 Acknowledging audience/ referring to the audience 致謝/點(diǎn)題 Reviewing history 回顧歷

4、史Development of the Body Supporting Materials Examples 事例 Statistics 數(shù)據(jù) Testimony/Quotation 證言/引言 Transitions Organizational Patterns Topical Chronological Past/present/future Spatial Classification Problem/solution Cause/effect/solution Topical What issues will determine the 2004 Presidential Elect

5、ion? -Health Care -Economy -National Security classification Who will win the 2004 Presidential Election? -Independence -Democrats -RepublicansConclusion/ending the speech Summarize Signal the end of the speech Motive the audienceHow to conclude Summing up gist 總結(jié)要點(diǎn) Citing a quotation 引言 Referring t

6、o the introduction 首尾呼應(yīng) Issuing a challenge or an appeal 提出挑戰(zhàn)，呼吁行動(dòng)Language style Clarity and Economy 簡(jiǎn)潔、清晰 Precision 準(zhǔn)確 Vividness 生動(dòng) Appropriate 恰當(dāng)Clarity of language Avoid polysyllabic words. Use foreign words and phrases sparingly. Avoid technical language when speaking to listeners out of your pr

7、ofession.Precision of language Use “omnibus” words sparingly Avoid hazy words Avoid words that have become emotionally charged labels (Synonyms) Concrete and precise具體準(zhǔn)確 Taxes will go up. Taxes will increase by 22 percent. She is wealthy. She makes 400,000 a year, has a winter home in San Diego and

8、a summer home in Switzerland, and owns four different sports cars. 用alarmingly （貶義）代替surprisingly（中性）使聽眾體會(huì)的巨大危險(xiǎn)或不愉快來(lái)臨時(shí)的吃驚，緊張得情緒。 用turnout(貶義）代替result(中性）使聽眾體會(huì)到結(jié)果得出人意料和不知所措。 用challenging(褒義)代替difficult(中性）使聽眾感受到困難的相對(duì)有趣和積極性。 用determined(褒義)代替unyielding(中性)時(shí)聽眾感受到講話人堅(jiān)決地毫不動(dòng)搖的決心。Vividness of language Avoi

9、d the overworked words and expressions Use personal pronouns. Vary the sentence. Use figurative language occasionally. Use assertive sentence Use active voicevividness 形象的描繪色彩、聲音、光、味覺、嗅覺等的感性語(yǔ)言稱之為生動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言（Beebe,1994:294） 富蘭克林羅斯福于1941年在日本偷襲珍珠港后在國(guó)會(huì)所做的演講 A date which will live in world history. A date whic

10、h will live in infamy.(一個(gè)遺臭萬(wàn)年的日子)美國(guó)人們的憤慨和對(duì)日本侵略者的譴責(zé)Assertive sentence The committee rejected the proposal. The proposal was favored by managementActive voiceManagement favored the proposal.The proposal was favored by management.Vary the sentence “It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen

11、 may cry, Peace, Peace- but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear

12、, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!” “先生，大事化小，小事化無(wú)的做法無(wú)濟(jì)于事。各位先生可以呼喊和平，和平！但是和平并不存在。事實(shí)上戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)已經(jīng)開始！不久北方刮起的風(fēng)暴即將帶來(lái)震耳的隆隆炮聲。我們的弟兄已經(jīng)開赴戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)，為什么我們還在這里投閑置散？諸君究竟希望什么

13、？他們會(huì)得到什么？難道生命真的這樣可貴，和平真的這樣美好，竟值得用枷鎖和奴役為代價(jià)？全能的上帝啊，制止他們這樣做吧！我不知道別人選擇什么樣的道路，但對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，不自由，毋寧死！” 不自由，毋寧死帕特里克.亨利 里根總統(tǒng)就挑戰(zhàn)者號(hào)航天飛機(jī)失事做的悼詞： This is a truly national loss. Nineteen years ago almost to the day, we lost three astronauts in a terrible accident on the ground. But weve never lost an astronaut in flight.

14、 Weve never had a tragedy like this. And perhaps weve forgotten the courage it took for the crew of the shuttle.appropriateness occasion/purpose/audience Check to make sure that the words you are using are not going to offend anyone. Sexist, ageist, racistTips for Effective Speaking Overcoming Stage

15、 Fright Vocal Effects Visual Aids Nonverbal Means of Communication Types of DeliveryVocal Effects Volume Pronunciation and Articulation Pitch and Inflections Rate PauseNonverbal Means of Communication Personal appearance Eye contact Posture Gesture Facial ExpressionTypes of Delivery Manuscript Deliv

16、ery 念稿演講 Memorized Delivery 背誦演講 Impromptu Delivery 即興演講 Outline/Extemporaneous Delivery 提綱演講Figures of speech Simile Metaphor Personification Antithesis Climax Synecdoche Metonymy Alliteration onomatopoeiaSimile “Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signe

17、d the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.” “100年前，一位偉大的美國(guó)人今天我們就站在他象征性的身影下簽署了解放宣言。這項(xiàng)重要法令的頒布，對(duì)于

18、千百萬(wàn)灼烤于非正義殘焰中的黑奴，猶如帶來(lái)希望之光的碩大燈塔，恰似結(jié)束漫漫長(zhǎng)夜禁錮的歡暢黎明?！?我有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想 馬丁路德金Metaphor “But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro l

19、ives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so weve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.” “100年后，黑人依然沒有獲

20、得自由。100年后，黑人依然悲慘地蹣跚于種族隔離和種族歧視的枷鎖之下。100年后，黑人依然生活在物質(zhì)繁榮翰海的貧困孤島上。100年后，黑人依然在美國(guó)社會(huì)中間向隅而泣，依然感到自己在國(guó)土家園中流離漂泊?！?我有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想 馬丁路德金Personification Books cannot be killed by fire. People died, but books never die. No man and no force can abolish memoryIn this war, we know, books are weapons. -by Franklin D. Roosevelt

21、Antithesis “I do not shrink from this responsibility - I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it. And the glow from

22、 that fire can truly light the world. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.” “在世界的悠久歷史中，只有很少幾個(gè)世代的人賦有這種在自由遭

23、遇最大危機(jī)時(shí)保衛(wèi)自由的任務(wù)。我決不在這責(zé)任之前退縮；我歡迎它。我不相信我們中間會(huì)有人愿意跟別人及別的世代交換地位。我們?cè)谶@場(chǎng)努力中所獻(xiàn)出的精力、信念與虔誠(chéng)、將照亮我們的國(guó)家以及所有為國(guó)家服務(wù)的人，而從這一火焰所聚出的光輝必能照明全世界。所以，同胞們：不要問(wèn)你們的國(guó)家能為你們做些什么，而要問(wèn)你們能為國(guó)家做些什么?！?約翰肯尼迪就職演講Antithesis My love are many, my enemies are few. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.Climax層進(jìn) But no president, no Co

24、ngress, no government can undertake this mission alone. -by Bill ClintonSynecdoche The glory of the Lord will be revealed and all flesh see it together. -Martin Luther KingMetonymyAlliteration And from our roots, we have drawn tremendous power from two great forces-faith and freedom. -by Ronald Reag

25、anOnomatopoeiaOther kinds of rhetorical devices Parallelism Word repetition Rhetorical question Periodic sentenceParallelism “With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing tha