英語句子成分和英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)講解

1、.一、英語句子成分和英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)講解：（一）句子成分1.主語（subject）: 句子說明的人或事物。主語可以由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、主語從句和短語等來擔(dān)任。 The sun rises in the east.（名詞） He likes dancing. （代詞） Twenty years is a short time in history. (數(shù)詞) Seeing is believing. （動(dòng)名詞） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主語從句） It is very clear that th

2、e elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）找出下列句中的主語：Jane is good at playing the piano.（名詞） She went out in a hurry.（代詞）Four plus four is eight.（數(shù)詞） To see is to believe.（不定式）Smoking is bad for health.（動(dòng)名詞） The young should respect the old.（名詞化的形容詞）What he has said is true. （句子）2. 謂

3、語（predicate）: 說明主語的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和特征。簡單謂語:由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組組成I saw the flag on the top of the hill"He looked after two orphans.復(fù)合謂語：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞;He can speak English well.She doesnt seem to like dancing.找出下列句中的謂語（注：只有動(dòng)詞才可作謂語。）：1. We love China.2. We have finished reading this book.3. He can speak English.4. She

4、seems tired.3.表語（predicative）: 系動(dòng)詞之后的成分，表示主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。 He is a teacher. （名詞） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代詞） Five and five is ten. （數(shù)詞） He is asleep. （形容詞） His father is in. （副詞） The picture is on the wall. ( 介詞短語) My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容詞化的分詞） To wear a flower is to say “Im poor

5、, I cant buy a ring. （不定式） The question is whether they will come. （表語從句） （常見的系動(dòng)詞有: be, sound（聽起來）, look（看起來）, feel(摸起來，smell（聞起來）, taste（嘗、吃起來）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感覺） . It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tast

6、es good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired.找出下列句中的表語。1. I am a teacher.2. They are on the playground.3. My job is teaching English.4. It gets cold.5. It sounds interesting.4.賓語：1）動(dòng)作的承受者-及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語 I like China. （名詞） He hates you. （代詞） How many do you need" We need two. （數(shù)詞） We should help

7、 the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （動(dòng)名詞） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said" （賓語從句）2） 介詞后的名詞、代詞和動(dòng)名詞-介賓Are you afraid of the snake" Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3） 雙賓語-間賓（指人）和直賓（指物）賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語.直接賓語指物或事,間接賓語指人或動(dòng)物. He gave me a book yesterd

8、ay. Give the poor man some money.指出下面句子的間接賓語和直接賓語：please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.找出下列句子的賓語部分：1. We often help him.2. He likes to play basketball.3. We enjoy listening to the music.4. She said that he felt sick.5. They are talking about the new student.5.賓補(bǔ)：對賓語的補(bǔ)充，全稱為賓語

9、補(bǔ)足語。有些及物動(dòng)詞除了有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)足語，說明賓語的身份和狀態(tài)以補(bǔ)充其意義不足，使句子的意義完整。這類常用的及物動(dòng)詞有 ：We elected him monitor. （名詞） We all think it a pity that she didntcome here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容詞） We found nobody in. ( 副詞 )Please make yourself at home. 介詞短語） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him t

10、o teach the lazy boy a lesson. （帶to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （現(xiàn)在分詞） Ill have my bike repaired. （過去分詞） 6.主補(bǔ)：對主語的補(bǔ)充，全稱為主語補(bǔ)足語。 He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.7.定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（

11、名詞） He is our friend. （代詞）We belong to the third world. （數(shù)詞）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容詞）The man over there is my old friend.(副詞) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （現(xiàn)在分詞）The trees planted last year are growing well now

12、. （過去分詞） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定語從句）定語后置：如果定語是由一個(gè)單詞表示時(shí)，通常要前置。而由一個(gè)詞組或一個(gè)句子表示時(shí)，通常則后置The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now"8. 狀語：用來修飾v., adj.

13、, adv., 或句子。表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。 （以下例句按上述順序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting-room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study

14、 hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. （二） 句子結(jié)構(gòu) 簡單句的五個(gè)基本句型1.主語 不及物動(dòng)詞 She came/ My head aches. 2.主語 及物動(dòng)詞賓語 She likes English. 3.主語 系動(dòng)詞 表語 She is happy 4.主語 雙賓動(dòng)詞間接賓語 直接賓語 She gave John a book. 5.主語 賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)語 She makes her mother angry The te

15、acher asked me to read the passage. There +be 句型 There are some books on the desk.There lies a book on the desk. Exercises ： 分析下列句子成分1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes

16、.5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city 翻譯練習(xí)：主謂結(jié)構(gòu) （ 主語 不及物動(dòng)詞 ）1、你應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí) You should study hard.2、他昨天晚上很晚回家 She went home very late yesterday evening.練習(xí)：1、This box weighs five kilos. 這個(gè)盒子重五公斤。2、I lived in Beijing five years ago. 五年前我住在北京。主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu) （主語 及物動(dòng)詞 賓語 ） 1、我昨

17、晚寫了一封信 I wrote a letter last night. 2、我今天下午想和你談?wù)?I want to talk with you this afternoon.練習(xí)：1、All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 我們大家都相信Jack 是一個(gè)誠實(shí)男孩。2、He did not know what to say. 他不知道說什麼好。主系表結(jié)構(gòu) （主語 系動(dòng)詞表語 ）1. 我的弟弟都是大學(xué)生 My brothers are all college students. 2.在冬天，白天很短夜晚很長 In winter, the day

18、s are short and the nights are long.3. 布朗女士看上去很健康 Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4.在他15歲那年他成為了著名的畫家 At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.練習(xí)：1、 樹葉已經(jīng)變黃了。The leaves have turned yellow.2、這個(gè)報(bào)告聽起來很有意思。The report sounds interesting.雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu) （主語雙賓動(dòng)詞間接賓語直接賓語）1. 強(qiáng)森先生去年叫我們德語 Mr Johnson taught us German

19、 last year.2.祖父昨晚給我講了一個(gè)有趣的故事 Grandma told me an interesting story last night.練習(xí)：1、 請你給我弄一本新的，好嗎. Will you please get me a new copy"2、我替你叫輛出租汽車好嗎. Shall I call you a taxi"復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu) （主語 動(dòng)詞 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語 ）1. 我們叫她愛麗絲 We call her Alice. 2.他父母叫他約翰 His parents named him John. 練習(xí)：1、 學(xué)校定了一條規(guī)則，開始上課時(shí)學(xué)生要起立。 T

20、he school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.2、我認(rèn)為與那個(gè)人談話是無益的。I thought it no use talking with that manThere be 句型 1.今晚不會(huì)開會(huì) There isnt going to be a meeting tonight. 2.這個(gè)村莊里只有一口井 There was only a well in the village. 練習(xí)： 1、鈴響了。There goes the bell 2、一周有七天。There are seve

21、n days a week二、英語句子種類講解：按照句子的用途，英語句子可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。按照句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，英語句子可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。中考對句子的考查主要集中在以下幾個(gè)方面：1. 陳述句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法；2. 祈使句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法；3. 一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法；4. 由what, how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的構(gòu)成形式、用法及區(qū)別對于各種從句的用法我們在后面分別論述。(一.) 陳述句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法1. 陳述句：陳述句是用來陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)或表達(dá)說話人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降調(diào)，句末用句號“.”。Tom h

22、as a new car.The flower isnt beautiful.2. 陳述句否定式的構(gòu)成(1) 如果肯定陳述句的謂語部分含有助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞be，則只需在這些動(dòng)詞后加not即可構(gòu)成否定式。He is playing the guitar.（肯定）He is not playing the guitar.（否定）We can get there before dark.（肯定）We cant get thee before dark.（否定）(2) 如果陳述句的謂語動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，而其中又沒有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，則需根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)在該實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前加dont, doesnt或

23、didnt。同時(shí)把該實(shí)義動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵巍?He plays the violin well.（肯定）He doesnt play the violin well.（否定） She won the game.（肯定）She didnt win the game.（否定）(3) 如果句子是there be結(jié)構(gòu)或謂語動(dòng)詞是have（有），除了be和have之后加not之外，句中如果有some要變?yōu)閍ny。例如：There is some water in the cup. There is not any water in the cup.He has some books. He has not a

24、ny books.(4) 除not以外，否定詞no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可構(gòu)成否定句。例如：There is something wrong with his bike. There is nothing wrong with his bike.I have seen the film. I have never seen the film.(2. ) 祈使句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法祈使句是用來表示命令、請求、建議、號召等的句子，謂語動(dòng)詞用原形，句末用感嘆號“！”或句號“.”。朗讀時(shí)一般用降調(diào)。1. 肯定的祈使句：（1） 祈使句主語是you時(shí)，you常省略，

25、但如果要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)對方或表達(dá)某種強(qiáng)烈的情緒時(shí)可以有主語或稱呼語。Be quiet.You be quiet!（2）“Do+祈使句”表示一種強(qiáng)烈的感情或請求，do起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。 Do come back at once! Do be careful.（3）please用在祈使句中可以表示一種客氣的語氣，但please用在句末時(shí)，必須用逗號與其余部分分開。 Open the window, please.（4）Let引導(dǎo)祈使句時(shí)，后面需跟上人稱代詞或稱呼語，人稱代詞一般只用第一、第三人稱。 Let Jack wait a minute.Lets go to school.（5）在祈使句中，Lets和 Let us是有區(qū)別的。Lets包括說話者，而Let u