英語(yǔ)高考復(fù)習(xí)-全部英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

1、15/15動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (am, is, are, do, does)1、表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;2、表示主語(yǔ)的特征、性格、能力等;3、表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理;4、表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;The plane takes off at 10 am.5、在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)中，表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作;When you see her just tell her that I am all right.6、在某些文學(xué)作品的情節(jié)描寫(xiě)中，代替過(guò)去時(shí)，表示或用于引述書(shū)刊材

2、料;The author says that the soldiers fight for freedom not for money.一般過(guò)去時(shí) (was, were, did)用于表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如yesterday,last week,three years ago, in 1987, at the time , in July.一般將來(lái)時(shí)主要用于表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)中，一般不用將來(lái)時(shí)，而是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。Ill let you know the result when I finish everything。1、shal

3、l, will + 動(dòng)詞原型構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí);2、am (is , are) going to + 動(dòng)詞原型，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要發(fā)生的事情;3、am (is , are) about to + 動(dòng)詞原型，表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;4、am (is , are) to + 動(dòng)詞原型，表示必須或計(jì)劃要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 You are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)用于表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)，將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)was (were) going to +動(dòng)詞原型was (were) about to +

4、動(dòng)詞原型was (were) to + 動(dòng)詞原型 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間內(nèi)計(jì)劃、打算或一定要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)go, come , stay , leave, start 的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示將來(lái)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作He is coming to see you tomorrow.hate, like, love, believe, think, look, mind, have, seem, sound, smell, taste 通常不使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 He was making a long distance phone call to his f

5、riend in Australia from 10 to 11 last night.go, come , stay , leave, start 的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)用于在將來(lái)的某一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或按計(jì)劃在未來(lái)將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作This time next week she will be working in the company.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過(guò)去，但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，或表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍留有某種后果和造成影響。 He has paid his income tax.過(guò)去完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或某個(gè)動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作

6、，或者表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。He said that the group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier.將來(lái)完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作I am sure he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)要現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛剛結(jié)束，或者可能要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。 She has been working in Guangzhou since 1985.過(guò)

7、去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始而又延續(xù)到過(guò)去這個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作?？赡軇倓偼Ｖ梗部赡苓€在繼續(xù)。 He told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years.在表示時(shí)間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中，遵照“主將從現(xiàn)”原則，主句用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞例：They will widen (擴(kuò)展) the road.The road will be widened.一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在am/is/are

8、 askedam/is/are being askedhas/have been asked過(guò)去was/were askedwas/were being askedhad been asked將來(lái)shall/will be askedshall/will have been asked過(guò)去將來(lái)should/would be askedshould/would have been asked情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一般式：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, could, may, might, must, should, need等)+ be + 過(guò)去分詞完成式：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, could, may, migh

9、t, must, should, need等)+ have been + 過(guò)去分詞例：This can be done by hand.這可以手工做。The project might have been completes earlier.這項(xiàng)工程本可以早些完工的。虛擬語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)表示非真實(shí)的假設(shè)，表示命令、建議或說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句的主從句謂語(yǔ)形式。（請(qǐng)記住下面這個(gè)表格，非常重要）具體情況條件從句中的謂動(dòng)形式主句中的謂動(dòng)形式與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)had done（過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)）would (should, could, might) have done與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)或發(fā)生的

10、可能性不大did（過(guò)去式）/be一般用werewould (should, could, might) do與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反的假設(shè)(通常句中有一個(gè)表將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))did（過(guò)去式）should do（“萬(wàn)一”之意）were to dowould (should, could, might) do違背現(xiàn)在事實(shí)過(guò)去式should / would / could / might +動(dòng)詞原形If the manager werehere,he might make a decision immediately違背過(guò)去事實(shí)had +過(guò)去分詞should / would / could / might

11、+ have +過(guò)去分詞I could have done it better if I had been more careful違背將來(lái)事實(shí)should +動(dòng)詞原形should / would / could / might +動(dòng)詞原形were +動(dòng)詞不定式( were to +動(dòng)詞原形)Ifit should rain tomorrow, what could wedo?混合虛擬句條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作，在時(shí)間上不一致，動(dòng)詞形式需要調(diào)整If you had taken the medicine yesterday , you would be well now。在下列結(jié)構(gòu)的主

12、語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣It is necessary / imperative / important / essential / advisable thatIt is proposed / desired / requested / suggested / recommended / demanded / decided / arranged thatsuggest , order , ask , demand , command , request , require etc.這些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬句，在這些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中，助動(dòng)詞一律是should。It is ( It w

13、as ) important，其后的主語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，助動(dòng)詞用should。It is important that we(should)learncomputer.Wish + ( that )從句，通常表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。表示現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí)，從句中的動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí);表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí)，從句中的動(dòng)詞用had +過(guò)去分詞。但是，從句中動(dòng)詞用would (might ) +動(dòng)詞原形時(shí)，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。I wish I knew a little contractlaw.但愿我知道一點(diǎn)合同法(我不知道)I wish you would cometomorrow.我希望你明

14、天能來(lái)(有可能來(lái))As if / as thought引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句(或表語(yǔ)從句)中，常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如果從句表示的意思與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則應(yīng)使用過(guò)去式;如果從句表示的意思與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則使用had +過(guò)去分詞的形式。It is (high) time (that)句型中，應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式（be用were）或should+動(dòng)詞原形，should不能省略，也不能用would替代，該結(jié)構(gòu)表示“（現(xiàn)在）該做某事了”。It is time that we planted trees here.It is time that we should plant tr

15、ees here.助動(dòng)詞(1)助動(dòng)詞be主要用法a、be+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：Heislisteningtotheradio.他在聽(tīng)無(wú)線電廣播。Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterdayafternoon?昨天下午這個(gè)時(shí)候你在干什么?b、be+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài)。Heisinvitedtotheparty.他得到邀請(qǐng)參加這個(gè)聚會(huì)。Theletterwasreceivedthismorning.這信是今天上午收到的。c、be+動(dòng)詞不定式表示計(jì)劃好了的將來(lái)動(dòng)作。如：ThemeetingistotakeplaceonMonday.會(huì)議將在星期一舉行。(2)助動(dòng)詞hav

16、e的主要用法have+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：Ihavefinishedmywork.我已干完了活兒。Ihadwrittentheletterbeforyoucame.在你來(lái)之前我已寫(xiě)好了信。(3)助動(dòng)詞do的主要用法a、幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句和否定句。如：Doyoudomorningexerciseseveryday?你每天做早操嗎?Shedidntcomeyesterday.她昨天沒(méi)有來(lái)。b、構(gòu)成否定祈使句。如：Dontbetorude.不要這么無(wú)禮。Dontworryaboutthat.不要為這事操心。c、加強(qiáng)陳述句和祈使句的語(yǔ)氣。如：Idoworkhard.我的確是努力工作的。Dob

17、ecareful!一定要細(xì)心!d、用于避免主要?jiǎng)釉~的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。如：Doyoudosomke?Yes,Ido.你抽煙嗎?是的，我抽。Iwenttoconcentyesterday.Sodidhe.我昨天去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)了。他也去了。e、構(gòu)成倒裝句。如：Neverdidhegohereagain.他再也沒(méi)去過(guò)那里。OnlythendidIunderstandwhatshemeant.只是到那時(shí)，我才懂得她是什么意思。(4)助動(dòng)詞shall和will的主要用法shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。shall用于第一人稱(chēng)(I，we)，will用于第二、三人稱(chēng)，也可用于第一人稱(chēng)。如：Ishall/wil

18、larrivetomorrow.我將于明天到達(dá)。Weshall/willbegladtoseeyou.我們將很高興見(jiàn)到你。Hewillbetwenty-twonextweek.他到下星期有22歲了。Theywillleaveforshanghaitonight.他們今晚動(dòng)身去上海。(5)助動(dòng)詞should和would的用法should/would+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。Hetolduswhereweshoulid/wouldhavethebasketballmatch.他告訴我們將在什么地方舉行籃球比賽名 詞一、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成如下：1.一般情況下在名詞后加-s.如：girl

19、s，books.2.以s，x，ch，sh結(jié)尾的詞在名詞后加-es.如：glasses，boxes，matches，bushes.3.“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞，變y為i再加-es.如：city-cities，country-countries.4.以o結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)加-es.如：heroes，tomatoes，potatoes.radios，zoos，photos，pianos，kilos例外。5.f，fe結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變f，fe為v再加-es.如：thief-thieves，leaf-leaves，half-halves，life-lives，wife-wives，knife-knives.少數(shù)

20、名詞有不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：man-men，woman-women，foot-feet，tooth-teeth，child-children，mouse-mice.個(gè)別名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)的形式是一樣的。如Chineses，Japanese，sheep，deer.二、名詞的所有格名詞的所有格表示所屬關(guān)系，起形容詞的作用。當(dāng)名詞表示有生命的東西時(shí)，所有格一般是在詞尾加s .如：Jeans room，my daughter-in-laws friends，my daughters-in-laws friends，childrens books.如果名詞已經(jīng)有了復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s，則只需加.如：the teac

21、hers books，my parents car.時(shí)間名詞的所有格在后面加s，復(fù)數(shù)加.如：todays newspaper，five minutes walk.當(dāng)名詞表示無(wú)生命的東西時(shí)，所有格常由“of”短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：the top of the world，the cover of the book，Chinas capital.加s或的名詞所有格可以表示店鋪或某人的家。如：the grocers，the tailors，the Smiths .名詞所有格考試常見(jiàn)部分是名詞表示沒(méi)有生命的東西時(shí)，不能直接在其后加s.時(shí)間名詞所有格在其后加s，或復(fù)數(shù)名詞后直接加.三、主謂一致1.主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞

22、單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。All roads lead to Rome.（條條大路通羅馬。）His brother is an industrial engineer.The number of the students attending the party is increasing.the number of表示數(shù)量，無(wú)論后面名詞是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是單數(shù)形式。Two-thirds of the shop belongs to me.two-thirds三分之二幾分之幾作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式。Both of us are studying Engl

23、ish.總結(jié)：在名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，the number of謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單數(shù)形式；幾分之幾，謂語(yǔ)單數(shù)形式；both謂語(yǔ)使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。2、主語(yǔ)是不可數(shù)名詞、不定式或動(dòng)名詞詞組、從句時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。All the money he received was given to his mother.Forgetting the past means betrayal.What we are talking now is useless.3.主語(yǔ)部分若有as well as，with，together with，like，but，except等短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)與短語(yǔ)前面的名詞一致。Mary,a

24、s well as her two sisters，is a student of this school.（as well as her two sisters作主語(yǔ)Mary的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)Mary是單數(shù)，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式）No one except my friends knows anything about it.4.表示時(shí)間、距離、重量、價(jià)值等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果當(dāng)作整體看待，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式?！?（）=”算式中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)形式。Three times two is six.Three kilometers is 3，ooometres.（three kilome

25、ters作為整體來(lái)看）5.Either，neither作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Neither of us has been to Italy.Has either of them been to Shanghai？none代表可數(shù)的人或東西時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用單數(shù)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)，代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。None of the students have/has seen the film.None of the money belongs to me.6.主語(yǔ)由eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)形式由最鄰近的主語(yǔ)決定。Not

26、only you but also I am wrong.Neither my aunt nor I am going out this afternoon.Either you or she is to do the work.7.主語(yǔ)中有and，如果表示單一概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。The bread and butter is nice.8.主語(yǔ)前有many a，more than one修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Many a book has been read by the students.many a book=many booksMore than one person has

27、been to the Great Wall.9.集合名詞作主語(yǔ)，當(dāng)作整體看待時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，當(dāng)作每個(gè)獨(dú)立的個(gè)體看待時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。The committee meets once a year.（作為整體）The committee are having a meeting now.（作為獨(dú)立個(gè)體）People，police作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。The police have come to arrest him.冠 詞冠詞分為定冠詞（the）和不冠詞（a或an）兩類(lèi)，定冠詞表示特指，不定冠詞表示泛指。a用于讀音以輔音開(kāi)頭的詞前面，an用于讀音以元音開(kāi)頭的詞前面。如：a

28、university，a useful book，an umbrella，a horse，an honest man.一、不定冠詞的基本用法1.表示“一”的含義。Give me a pen please.We go shopping twice a week.2.泛指某個(gè)人或東西。Yesterday we visited an English secondary school.She picked up a magazine and began to read.3.表示一類(lèi)人或東西。He works as a language teacher in that university.As a w

29、riter，he is successful.Even a child can answer this question.可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)出現(xiàn)，泛指用不定冠詞，特指用定冠詞。一個(gè)可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)不能自己?jiǎn)为?dú)出現(xiàn)二、定冠詞的基本用法1.表示特定的人或東西。Give me the magazine.Have you decided on the prices yet？The book on the table is an English dictionary.Beijing is the capital of China.2.復(fù)述前文提到的人或東西。Last week，I saw aflim. The

30、film is about a love story between two middle-aged people.The old man saw a house in the field. He went into the house and found a beautiful girl sitting there and singing.3.用于序數(shù)詞、方位名詞、形容詞與副詞的最高級(jí)前面，副詞最高級(jí)前面的the可以省略。January is the first month of the year.The sun rises in the east.Japan lies to the eas

31、t of China.Beijing lies in the north of China.Ireland lies on the Great Britain.At the Childrens Palace，some children learn to play the piano，others learn to play the violin.Last week we went to the theatre.Among the three girls she speaks English the best.“東、南、西、北”作副詞時(shí)，前面不加冠詞。We are walking south.形

32、容詞最高級(jí)前若有物主代詞，就不加定冠詞。Monday is my busiest day.4.不可數(shù)名詞前面通常不加定冠詞，但若有限制性定語(yǔ)修飾，或表示特定部分、特定內(nèi)容時(shí)，前面需加定冠詞。Drink some water.Is the water in the well fit for drink？He cant take the advice his mother gives him.三、不加冠詞的基本規(guī)則1.季節(jié)、月份、日期前一般不加冠詞。If winter comes can spring be far behind？We have few classes on Sunday.10.1

33、 is National Day.2.表示球類(lèi)、棋類(lèi)、三頓飯的名詞前通常不加冠詞，但樂(lè)器前需加定冠詞。What did you have for lunch？Dinner is ready.Lets go and watch them play chess.My elder brother likes to play football.The boys arelearnigto play the guitar.play the pianoplay the violin3.有些固定詞組中的名詞前不加冠詞。at noon at night at dawn at midnight in the mo

34、rningin the afternoon in the evening in the daytime in townin front of（at the back of） at distance（in the distance）as a whole on the whole to catch cold to have a cold代 詞一、人稱(chēng)代詞人稱(chēng)代詞有第一、第二、第三人稱(chēng)和單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)之分，在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)中有下列人稱(chēng)代詞：在并列的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)中，I或me通常放在后面。如：Lipingand I are in charge of the work.My farther ask

35、s my sister and me to have dinner with him tomorrow.二、物主代詞物主代詞有形容詞型與名詞型之分。形容詞型物主代詞在句子中作定語(yǔ)，名詞型物主代詞在句子中主要作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)（接在of后面）。英語(yǔ)中有下列物主代詞：名詞型的物主代詞相當(dāng)于形容詞型的物主代詞加上上文出現(xiàn)的名詞。如：My bag is yellow，his（his bag）is black and theirs（their bags）are brown.三、反身代詞反身代詞在句子中可以作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等。如：Please help yourself to some tea.

36、（賓語(yǔ)）The boy is too young to look after himself.（賓語(yǔ)）Ill be myself again in no time.（表語(yǔ)）The desk itself is not so heavy.（同位語(yǔ)）四、指示代詞指示代詞包括this，that，these，those和such，在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等（such不作賓語(yǔ)）。that和those有時(shí)分別用來(lái)代表前面提到的不可數(shù)名詞和名詞復(fù)數(shù)，以避免重復(fù)。而可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)往往用the one或that one來(lái)代替。用the one的時(shí)候更多一些。如：These machines are b

37、etter than those we turned out last year.生產(chǎn)The oil output of this year is much higher than that of last year.產(chǎn)量The best wine is that fromFrance.My room is lighter than the one next door.Ill take the seat next to the one by the window.The film is more funny than that one.that可以指上面提到的事情，this指下面要談的事情。如

38、：They have no time to read the books. Thats their trouble.She was ill yesterday. Thats why she was absent.What I want to say is this：Pronunciation is very important in learning English.this和that有時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示程度。如：I dont want that much.The book is about this thick.五、疑問(wèn)代詞疑問(wèn)代詞包括what，which，who，whom，whose，可以用

39、來(lái)構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句，也可以引導(dǎo)名詞從句。What，which，who在句子中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，whom作賓語(yǔ)，whose作定語(yǔ)。如：Which do you prefer，the yellow one or the white one？（賓語(yǔ)）Whats your sister？（表語(yǔ)）The man who is talking with my mother is an engineer.（引導(dǎo)定從句）The old man whose son is studying abroad is our formal dean of the department.（引導(dǎo)定從句）I dont remembe

40、r whom I have lent my dictionary to.（引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句）疑問(wèn)代詞what，which，who，whom后面可以加ever來(lái)加重語(yǔ)氣。如：Whoever can be calling at this time of the night？誰(shuí)這么深更半夜來(lái)找人？Ill say whatever comes into my head.Take whichever book you like.六、不定代詞不定代詞包括both，either，neither，all，none，no，one，each，every，few，a few，little，a little，many，m

41、uch，some，any，other，another，以及some，any，no，every構(gòu)成的合成代詞。（一）both，either，neitherboth表示“兩者（都）”，either表示“（兩者之中）任何一個(gè)”，neither表示“（兩者之中）沒(méi)有一個(gè)”。三個(gè)詞在句子中都可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)，both還可以作同位語(yǔ)。My sister is good at planning her time so that she always has enough time for both work and play.（be good at擅長(zhǎng)做某事）Neither of the answer

42、s is right.Either of the books belongs to you.You and I are both to blame.You both agreed to stay.Both放在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞前，系動(dòng)詞be的后面。（二）all，none，no，oneall和none用于三者以上的場(chǎng)合，分別表示“全部都”和“一個(gè)都沒(méi)有”，none往往與of連用。All of us are fond of sports.（be fond of愛(ài)好）We are all for him.（be for sb支持某人）Grasp all，lose all.什么都抓，什么都抓不住。（諺）None

43、 of them know how to read and write.None of them has had that kind of experience.no表示“沒(méi)有”，在句子中只能作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于not a或not any，not否定動(dòng)詞，no否定名詞。Time and tide wait for no man.歲月不等人。（諺）Im no dancer.（Im not a dancer.）one指代上文提到的人或物，前面可以加定冠詞，可以有自己的定語(yǔ)，還可以有復(fù)數(shù)形式。Your answer is a good one.I dont likecolouredenvelopes. I

44、 like white ones.（三）each，everyeach和every表示“每一個(gè)”，every在句子中只能作定語(yǔ)，each可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)。The headmaster shook hands with each of the teacher.（shake hands with握手）The students try to set aside a little money each month.（set aside節(jié)約）From each according to his ability，to each according to his needs（work）。各盡所能

45、，按需分配。I have every reason to believe that she can finish the job well.There is every possibility of our winning the game.every還常用在every little while（每隔一會(huì)），every other day，every three days（每隔兩天），every ten miles（每隔十英里），every now and then（不時(shí)），every four years，every other line，one out of every three stu

46、dents.（四）few，a few，little，a little，many，muchfew，a few，many修飾或指代可數(shù)名詞，little，a little，much修飾或指代不可數(shù)名詞。few，little表示否定，a few，a little表示肯定，much常用于否定句中。Many hands make light work.人多好辦事。（諺）Few words are best.話少最好。（諺）They dont take much interest in it.I know little about it.Theres a little water left in the

47、jar.Few of them have been toIndia.Ive read a few books written by Dickens.（五）other，the other，others，the others，another泛指特指充當(dāng)名詞單數(shù)充當(dāng)名詞復(fù)數(shù)充當(dāng)形容詞otherthe other（表示兩者當(dāng)中的另外一個(gè)）othersthe othersanotherForty people came to the meeting. Two of them were fromJapan,the others fromAmerica.Many people came to attend

48、the meeting. Some were fromJapan,others were fromAmerica.TheUnited States,unlike many other countries,receives a large number of immigrants every year from all over the world.The twin sisters are so alike that we find it difficult to tell one from the other.（sothat如此以至于tell sb. from區(qū)分）The task will

49、be finished in another three days.Four of them are in the classroom. What about the others？Please give me another example to illustrate your point.七、it的用法1.作句子的形式主語(yǔ)，代替不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句。It took me five minutes to finish reading the exercise.It cost me five yuan to buy the pen.The color TV set costs me more

50、than 2，000 yuan.I spent ten hours in finishing the work.I spent twenty yuan on the shirt.It is no use crying now. Youd better study hard now.（it is no use doingsth.）To his surprise，it turned out that Tom failed the entrance examination.（to ones surprise使某人感到驚奇）Its a pity that you didnt watch the mat

51、ch.It is necessary for us to have some exercise every day.2.作句子的形式賓語(yǔ)，代替不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句。They all regard it their duty to help the poor people.I dont think it worthwhile taking so much trouble.（Its worthwhile doing.做事是值得的）We find it difficult to learn English without practicing.I dont think it very importa

52、nt that we should take part in the discussion.（take part in參加）3.構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是主語(yǔ)，并且主語(yǔ)是人時(shí)，句型中的that也可以換作who.強(qiáng)調(diào)句基本構(gòu)成it is thatIt is in the room that we met each other for the first time.It was not until 1936 that basketball became a part of the Olympic Games.（not until直到才）It was they who attended the m

53、eeting last week.It is because the book is so useful for my work that I bought it.考試重點(diǎn)that和those有時(shí)分別用來(lái)代表前面提到的不可數(shù)名詞和名詞復(fù)數(shù)，以避免重復(fù)。而可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)往往用the one或that one來(lái)代替。that可以指上面提到的事情，this指下面要談的事情。不定代詞中，both放在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞前，系動(dòng)詞be的后面。every只能跟名詞，each可以跟名詞也可以不跟名詞。every在代詞部分要出現(xiàn)當(dāng)每隔講。few，a few，many修飾或指代可數(shù)名詞，little，a little，muc

54、h修飾或指代不可數(shù)名詞。few，little表示否定。one the other，some others，the othersit用法重點(diǎn)就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。it作為形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不接is.代詞部分的難點(diǎn)之一是名詞型物主代詞與形容詞型物主代詞的區(qū)別。顧名思義，形容詞型物主代詞起的是形容詞的作用，在句子中只能作定語(yǔ)，名詞型物主代詞起的是名詞的作用，代替上文出現(xiàn)的名詞，在句子中一般作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。Lets clean their room first andlater.A. our B. us C. we D. ours（答案為D，ours相當(dāng)于our room.）代詞部分的主要考核點(diǎn)是不定代詞。如so

55、me，any，few，a few，little，a little，many，much，one，none，all，both，either，neither，each，every，other，another，以及some，any，no，every與body，one，thing構(gòu)成的合成代詞。（1）泛指與特指。如：another，other，others是泛指，the other，the others是特指。（2）肯定與否定。如：a few，a little，either，some及其合成代詞表示肯定，few，little，none，neither，any及其合成代詞表示否定。（3）可數(shù)與不可數(shù)。如：

56、few，a few，many，one修飾或指代可數(shù)名詞，little，a little，much修飾或指代不可數(shù)名詞。代詞部分的另一個(gè)考核點(diǎn)是it.it可以代替上文出現(xiàn)的單數(shù)事物。The picture was changed while drawn from memory as it passed through the class.（it指代the picture.）it takes sb. some time to dosth.花費(fèi)某人多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間做某事It takes half an hour or so to walk to the bus stop.He made it plain t

57、hat he was annoyed with me.it還可以構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，即“It is / was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+ that ”。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是人，并且是主語(yǔ)時(shí)，that可以換成who.強(qiáng)調(diào)句去掉it is / was與that即成為普通的句子。It was last night that I saw you in the restaurant.It was she who / that suggested that he go toNew Yorkin order to get a direct flight.基本句型英語(yǔ)的基本句型有五種：1.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（不及物動(dòng)詞）。如：Tim

58、e flies.2.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)。如：He understands English.3.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)。如：This is an English dictionary.4.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)。如：Ishowed her my pictures.5.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：Mary had her hair cut yesterday.句子的分類(lèi)一、按用途分類(lèi)：句子按用途分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句。二、按結(jié)構(gòu)分類(lèi)（一）簡(jiǎn)單句：只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而句子各個(gè)成分都由單詞或短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的句子叫做簡(jiǎn)單句。如：Im going to the Great W

59、all tomorrow.（二）并列句：包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上互不依從的簡(jiǎn)單句的句子叫并列句。并列句中的分句通常用逗號(hào)、分號(hào)或并列連詞連接起來(lái)。如：Id like to travel in the holidays,but my wife insists on going to her parents home.（三）復(fù)合句1.同位語(yǔ)從句：同位語(yǔ)從句常位于idea，fact，news，fear，belief，doubt，proof，evidence等名詞后面，對(duì)這些名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋。同位語(yǔ)從句大多由關(guān)聯(lián)詞that引導(dǎo)（that不可以省略）。如：The fact that the money has

60、 gone does not mean it was stolen.Have you heard the news that we will have a picnic next week？There can be no doubt that my brother is qualified for the job.Where did you get the idea that the class would be cancelled？2.定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。限定性定語(yǔ)從句是句子不可缺少的一部分，沒(méi)有它，句子不能成立，或意思不清楚，不說(shuō)明問(wèn)題。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句只