（整理版高中英語(yǔ)）高考語(yǔ)法總復(fù)習(xí)(25)數(shù)詞介詞考點(diǎn)透析與精煉

1、高考語(yǔ)法總復(fù)習(xí)(25)：數(shù)詞，介詞考點(diǎn)透析與精煉考試要求：介詞是高考英語(yǔ)試題中比擬重要的一個(gè)考查點(diǎn)，近年來(lái)的高考在單項(xiàng)填空題中直接涉及到對(duì)介詞的考查，主要包括常用近義介詞的用法區(qū)別、介詞的常見(jiàn)搭配、介詞在特定語(yǔ)境中的選用和介詞短語(yǔ)的用法等。高考試題對(duì)數(shù)詞的考查比重較小， 主要以對(duì)倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方法及概數(shù)的考查為主。知識(shí)總結(jié)：數(shù)詞局部dozen和score的復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：dozen表示一打，十二個(gè)；score表示二十； 當(dāng)dozen與數(shù)詞，或many，several等連用時(shí)，不加“s，所修飾的名詞前常省去of，score那么不然。two dozen pencils兩打鉛筆two score

2、 of pencils四十支鉛筆dozens of people= scores of people許多人當(dāng)后面的名詞前有限定詞時(shí), dozen后應(yīng)加of。a dozen of these peopletwo dozen of themthree score and ten people中不加of 七十人序數(shù)詞的用法：序數(shù)詞一般由基數(shù)詞后加th構(gòu)成，前面一般加定冠詞the，表示“第幾；加不定冠詞，那么意為“又一，再一。i can do better if i have a second chance. 如果再有一次時(shí)機(jī)，我能做得更好。基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞連用時(shí)，通常是序數(shù)詞在前：the first

3、two pages of the book 這本書的前兩頁(yè)分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法分?jǐn)?shù)由基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞合成，分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞，分子大于1時(shí)，分母的序數(shù)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。1/3：one(a)third 2/3：two thirds three-sevenths：七分之三特殊的表達(dá)：1/2：one(a)half 1/4：one (a) quarter/one (a) fourth 3/4：three quarters分子與分母之間加in或out of,分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基數(shù)詞。one in/ out of ten：十分之一 five in/ out of eight：八分之五百分?jǐn)?shù)的表示

4、法：表示百分?jǐn)?shù)直接將數(shù)詞放在單詞percent前面即可：twenty percent=20% 百分之二十注意：分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)后面不能直接接名詞或代詞，而用以下形式：分?jǐn)?shù)/ 百分?jǐn)?shù)+of +冠詞/ 限定詞+名詞/ 代詞，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與of后的名詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。two-thirds of the money was spent on food.小數(shù)的表示法：小數(shù)的表示法，小數(shù)點(diǎn)前的數(shù)字正常讀，小數(shù)點(diǎn)用point，小數(shù)點(diǎn)后面的數(shù)讀成個(gè)位數(shù)。“零讀字母o的音或zero，小數(shù)點(diǎn)前就按基數(shù)詞去讀，小數(shù)點(diǎn)后的數(shù)字按個(gè)位基數(shù)詞依次讀出。數(shù)詞的其它表達(dá)式：no.1 第一號(hào)第一次世界大戰(zhàn)：the first

5、world war或world war i501號(hào)房間：room 501538路公共汽車：bus 538倍數(shù)的表示法：倍數(shù)用在as+形容詞/副詞(原級(jí))+名詞+ as結(jié)構(gòu)之前your salary is three times as much as mine. 你的薪水是我的三倍。倍數(shù)放在形容詞或副詞的比擬級(jí)之前或by + 倍數(shù)用在比擬級(jí)之后your salary is twice more than mine. 你的薪水比我多兩倍。倍數(shù)用在表示度量名詞前，其根本結(jié)構(gòu)為：倍數(shù) + the + size / length / weight + of + 表示比擬對(duì)象的名詞，也可用于倍數(shù) + wh

6、at引導(dǎo)的從句中by and large，nigeria is three times the size of great britain. 大概算來(lái)，尼日利亞的面積是大不列顛的三倍。約數(shù)的表示法：用ten，dozen，score，hundred，thousand，million等數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)后加of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示幾十、幾百、上千、成千上萬(wàn)等大約數(shù)概念;用less than，under，below，almost，nearly，up to等來(lái)表示小于或接近某數(shù)目；用more than，over，above，beyond，or more等來(lái)表示超過(guò)或多于某個(gè)數(shù)目；用or，or so，about，arou

7、nd，some，more or less等表示在某一數(shù)目左右；用to，from to，between and表示介于兩數(shù)詞。鐘點(diǎn)、日期、年齡的表示法：鐘點(diǎn)：表示整點(diǎn)8:00：eight o'clock (sharp)；表示在某個(gè)鐘點(diǎn)，用介詞at。表示在某月某日，都用介詞on：年月日同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，年代位于最后，其前加逗號(hào)：表示“在幾十年代用in十the十逢十的數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)：in the 1990s/1990s表示“在某人的幾十歲時(shí)，可用介詞in+ ones+整十位數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式：in his fifties； 但表示十多歲時(shí)用：in ones teens。表示“一個(gè)八歲的男孩，可以有多種表達(dá)法：

8、a boy of eight，a boy of eight years old，a boy of eight years of age，a eight-year-old boy與基數(shù)詞合成的定語(yǔ)，其中的名詞用單數(shù)：a three-month-old baby， five-year plan。介詞局部介詞不能單獨(dú)使用，必須后跟賓語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)在句中使用，介詞短語(yǔ)由介詞+賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成，在句中可作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)等。in, on, to, with, by, for, at, from, up, beyond, before, among, of, off, against, like, since,

9、 besides, behind, during等aboutbe about to 即將做what/how about ? 怎么樣for交換：he sold the house for 50,000 yuan.到達(dá)某一數(shù)值：she wrote a check for 20.贊成，擁護(hù)：im for getting up early and going to bed early.固定搭配：for one thing首先f(wàn)or example例如for ever 永遠(yuǎn)for the time being 暫時(shí)，目前for instance 例如for free 免費(fèi)for the first ti

10、me 第一次for sale 出售，待售watch out for警惕long for 渴望for ones good為某人好with和一起:：he is playing table tennis with tom.用工具：dont write with a pencil.隨著：the weather changes with seasons.帶有，具有：our company needs people with specialized knowledge.行為方式：handle with care！原因：she shivered with cold.注意：with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) ：常在句中作狀語(yǔ)

11、，表示伴隨動(dòng)作、行為方式及原因、條件或結(jié)果等情況。she often sleeps with the window open. (adj.)她經(jīng)常開(kāi)著窗戶睡覺(jué)。he came in with a book in his hand. (prep.)他手里拿著本書進(jìn)來(lái)了。she felt scared with so many people looking at her. doing這么多人看著她，她感到害怕。with everything bought, he left the market. (done)買完了所需要的東西之后，他離開(kāi)了市場(chǎng)。with nothing to do, he wen

12、t out for a walk .(to do)由于沒(méi)有什么事情可做，他便到外面散步。he left his room with the light on. (adv.)他離開(kāi)了房間，燈亮著。by用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：this book was written by lu xun.表地點(diǎn)，“靠近，在的旁邊：there is a pumping station by the river.表時(shí)間，“在之前，不遲于： you must hand in your homework by tomorrow.表方法、手段：you will make progress only by studying hard.

13、途徑：he entered by the back door.表示按某物標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或單位：the company paid me by the hour.根據(jù)，按照：dont judge a person by his appearance.觸及，持住某人的身體或衣物：i took the boy by the hand.表增減程度：he missed the target by an inch.固定搭配：little by little 逐漸地stone by stone 一塊石頭一塊石頭地one by one 一個(gè)一個(gè)地by mistake 由疏忽所至by no means決不by accide

14、nt偶然by chance偶然，碰巧by oneself 單獨(dú)by and by不久以后by far 得多，最to趨于，傾向某種情況，性質(zhì)等，至某種狀態(tài)： i was moved to tears.到地點(diǎn)：last week her aunt came to shanghai.給：i often write to my uncle.差時(shí)間：it is ten to eleven.比： the score is 2 to 1.伴隨：he danced to the music.他隨著音樂(lè)跳舞。固定搭配: to ones delight =to the delight of sb. 使某人快樂(lè)的是

15、to ones joy = to the joy of sb.使某人快樂(lè)的是to ones sorrow=to the sorrow of sb.使某人悲傷的是to ones astonishment =to the astonishment of sb. 使某人大吃一驚的是to ones surprise =to the surprise of sb. 使某人吃驚的是off離, 從離開(kāi)：it is an island off the coast of france.through通過(guò)，“從一邊進(jìn)，從另一邊出：she pushed her way through the crowd.由于：th

16、e war was lost through bad organization.從頭至尾，由始至終：i read through the book.各處：we traveled through france.beyond表示位置在那一邊，超出范圍、限度：my home is beyond the bridge.this is beyond my comprehension.the fruit was beyond my reach.against反對(duì)，違背：we are against waste.靠著，倚：i sat against the wall.以為背景，襯托：the picture

17、looks good against that light wall.防御：we are all taking medicine against the disease.我們大家都在吃藥預(yù)防那種病。與相反，逆著：we sailed against the wind.at在 表空間、地點(diǎn)：i dont know the man standing at the gate.在時(shí)刻表時(shí)間：we usually go to work at two in the afternoon.以速度、價(jià)格：they sold their beef at a high price.處于狀態(tài)，從事于：the two c

18、ountries were at war.表示目標(biāo)，意為“朝，對(duì)：we had a heated argument and shouted at each other.與有情感的詞語(yǔ)連用如angry, delighted, glad, happy, sad, disappointed, shocked, excited等表示產(chǎn)生這些感情的原因，“因?yàn)椋瑢?duì)于：i was surprised at the news.we were in deep sorrow at his death.im glad at hearing your return home from canada.his pare

19、nts were disappointed at his losing the chance to university.固定搭配：at the latest 最遲at sea在海上，在航海at once 馬上at most 至多at least至少at first起初，開(kāi)始的時(shí)候at present目前at one time 曾經(jīng)at a time 一次at breakfast吃早餐時(shí)at the same time同時(shí)at stake在勝敗關(guān)頭，冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)over超過(guò)：there are over twenty girls in our class.遍于：i have traveled all

20、 over europe.在上方與under相反：there is a bridge over the river.越過(guò)(尤指先往上再往下)：he jumped over the wall.在期間：will you be at home over christmas?通過(guò)：i dont want to say it over the telephone.在上面蓋著：he put the newspaper over his face.in在方面：your success in the examination depends upon your efforts now.用語(yǔ)言：he wrote

21、a letter in english.表示計(jì)算或度量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，“用，以：the energy is measured in calories.在之內(nèi)表時(shí)間或空間：the work was completed in two weeks.過(guò)后時(shí)間:it will be ready in a week.穿、戴：he is in a silk shirt.表狀態(tài)：he was in poor health.the room is in a mess.表示原材料：the letter was written in ink.固定搭配：in public 公開(kāi)地in order to 為了in no tim

22、e立刻in common 共同，共用in all總共in fact 實(shí)際上in the end最后，終于in the distance 在遠(yuǎn)處in a low voice低聲地in a word 總之in other words換句話說(shuō)in modern times 現(xiàn)代，近代in place在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤絠n general一般說(shuō)來(lái)in the past 在過(guò)去in this way 用這種方法in return 作為回報(bào)in short簡(jiǎn)言之in the open air 在戶外take pride in 以自豪take part in參加play a part in在方面起作用in the

23、 form of以形式in sight在視力范圍之內(nèi)，看得見(jiàn)in case 萬(wàn)一in the name of以名義in detail 詳細(xì)地on在的外表上：there are two maps on the wall.在的時(shí)候某日或某日的上午、下午、晚上，表具體或特殊的日子：on the morning of november 12, 1939, dr. bethune breathed his last.有關(guān)，論及：i have written an article on the importance of birth control.在河畔，沿著：london is on the tham

24、es.是的一員：my classmate is on china daily.固定搭配：on doing sth. 一就on leave休假on purpose成心on holiday度假on the whole總的來(lái)說(shuō)on fire 著火on ones own 單獨(dú)，單獨(dú)on strike 罷工on the left/right 在左/右邊on the contrary 相反地on sale 出售/減價(jià)on average平均on the air無(wú)線電/電視播送on board在車/船/飛機(jī)上call on sb. 拜訪某人on behalf of代表on (hearing). 一聽(tīng)到就of

25、和某一動(dòng)詞連用表示“想到，“談到：he began to talk of his hometown.表示所屬關(guān)系：he is a worker of the beijing.fromfrom among(從當(dāng)中)，from behind 從后面，from under (從下面)，at about (在大約左右)，after about(在大約之后)，from across(從的對(duì)岸)，from above(從上方)等i took a ball from under the table.我從桌底拿出一個(gè)球。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥：1in 與withinin后接表示時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度的名詞，可以與將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí)連用。如

26、果它與將來(lái)時(shí)連用，那么常表示“過(guò)一段時(shí)間之后；如果與非將來(lái)時(shí)連用，常表示“在之內(nèi)。the train will arrive in fifteen minutes.火車還有十五分鐘就到了。within后接表示時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度的名詞，表示在這一范圍之內(nèi)，“不超過(guò)，不到某一段時(shí)間?？梢酝瑢?lái)時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)連用，比in更正式。i shall be back within three weeks.我三周之內(nèi)回來(lái)。2in 和afterin后接一段時(shí)間，after接某一點(diǎn)的時(shí)間，均可用于將來(lái)時(shí)。in不可以接表示某一點(diǎn)的時(shí)間名詞，而after如果在過(guò)去時(shí)的句子中可以加一段的時(shí)間名詞，表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間算起，in加一段時(shí)

27、間指從現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間算起。ill come back in an hour.我要在一小時(shí)后回來(lái)。 ( in an hour為一段時(shí)間 )ill come back after three oclock.我要在三點(diǎn)鐘之后回來(lái)。 three oclock為時(shí)間點(diǎn) 3through , across和over它們都可用作介詞，與動(dòng)詞連用，表示“通過(guò)，穿過(guò)。但across強(qiáng)調(diào)在某一物體平面上運(yùn)動(dòng)，與on有關(guān)，側(cè)重橫貫式橫向通過(guò)；through強(qiáng)調(diào)運(yùn)動(dòng)在某一物體的三維空間內(nèi)部進(jìn)行，與in有關(guān)，側(cè)重在空間穿過(guò)；over是從某物體上方越過(guò)，或在高形物上穿過(guò)，當(dāng)表示在某一長(zhǎng)形物的另一邊時(shí)用法同across.the

28、n we took off and flew over the mountain.隨后我們起飛了，飛過(guò)高山。the road runs through the village.這條路穿過(guò)這村子。they walked across the square.他們走過(guò)廣場(chǎng)。4besides 和except, butbesides “除之外，還有，表示附加意義；except“除了，不包括，常與表示全肯定或全部否認(rèn)的詞連用，表示整體中除去例外，即整體中不再包括除去局部。but意義與except相同，但語(yǔ)氣較except弱；使用except的限制較少，而使用but那么有許多限制，but只能用在none,

29、all, nobody, anybody, everything, everyone,以及who, what, where之后。we all went to the party besides tom.除了湯姆參加了晚會(huì)，我們也去了。we all went to the party except /but tom. 除了湯姆沒(méi)去晚會(huì)，我們都去了。who but/except a fool would do such a thing?除了傻瓜，有誰(shuí)會(huì)做這樣的事情呢？5except 和except forexcept 是從一組東西中排除其特殊一個(gè)或幾個(gè)，except for那么是以保存的方式對(duì)整個(gè)句子內(nèi)容進(jìn)行修正，也就是說(shuō)，如果兩局部所用的詞或詞組所表示的并非同一類事，而它們之間又是所屬關(guān)系，句子后半部對(duì)前半部所說(shuō)的根本情況在細(xì)節(jié)上加以修正，就要用except for。except只用于句中、句末，不用于句首。except for可用于句首。i looked everywhere