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1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全匯總(一)一 詞類(lèi)(Parts of Speec h)名詞 英文名稱(chēng) The Noun(縮寫(xiě)為 n.)表示人或事物的名稱(chēng) 例詞 boy,clock,book 等冠詞 英文名稱(chēng) The Article(縮寫(xiě)為 art.)用在名詞前幫助說(shuō)明名詞所指的人和或事物。例詞 a(an),the代詞 英文名稱(chēng) The Pronoun(縮寫(xiě)為 pron)用來(lái)代替名詞、形容詞或是數(shù)詞例詞 we,that,his,what形容詞英文名稱(chēng) The Adjective 縮寫(xiě)為 adj.)用以修飾名詞,表示人或事物的特征例詞 old,red,fine,good.數(shù)詞英文名稱(chēng) The Numeral (縮
2、寫(xiě)為 num.) 表示數(shù)量或是順序。例詞one,thirteen first動(dòng)詞 英文名稱(chēng) The Verb 縮寫(xiě)為 v.)表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例詞sit,go,be(am,is,are)副詞英文名稱(chēng) The Adverb 縮寫(xiě)為 adv.)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞。例詞not too,here,very介詞英文單詞 The Preposition(縮寫(xiě)為 prep.)表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的關(guān)系。例詞in,on,of,to,under.連詞英文單詞 The Conjunction(縮寫(xiě)為 conj.)用來(lái)連接詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)或句與句。例詞and,or,but.感嘆詞英文單詞 The I
3、nterjection(縮寫(xiě)為 interj.)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等情感。例詞 oh,hello,hi,er.二. 名詞 (Nouns)1.總的說(shuō)來(lái) ,名詞分專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩類(lèi)。專(zhuān)有名詞 : 表示具體的人 ,事物,地點(diǎn)或機(jī)構(gòu)的專(zhuān)有名稱(chēng)。Lucy China 中國(guó) Asia 亞洲 Beijing 北京 。專(zhuān)有名詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。普通名詞 : 表示某些人 ,某類(lèi)事物 ,某種物質(zhì)或抽象概念的名稱(chēng)。例如 :teacher 老師 tea 茶 reform 改革普通名詞又可進(jìn)一步分為四類(lèi)1) 個(gè)體名稱(chēng) : 表示單個(gè)的人和事物。house 馬 car 汽車(chē) room 房間 apple 蘋(píng)果 fu
4、n 風(fēng)扇 picture 照片2) 集體名稱(chēng) : 表示一群人或一些事物的名稱(chēng)。people 人們 family 家庭 army 軍隊(duì) government 政府 group 集團(tuán)3) 物質(zhì)名詞 :表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。fire 火 steel 鋼 air 空氣 water 水 milk 牛奶4)抽象名詞 :表示動(dòng)作 ,狀態(tài) ,品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念。labour 勞動(dòng) health 健康 life 生活 friendship 友情 patience 耐力2.名詞按其所表現(xiàn)的事物的性質(zhì)分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞??蓴?shù)名詞(Cou ntable Nou ns 有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:an
5、apple two apples a car some cars不可數(shù)名詞(Un cou ntable Nou ns 一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式.抽象名詞 , 物質(zhì)名詞和專(zhuān)有名詞一般是不可數(shù)名詞。sand 沙 sugar 糖有少數(shù)名詞即可作可數(shù)名詞 ,也可作不可數(shù)名詞 ,但含義不同。glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 紙 paper 報(bào)紙,文件 名詞的功能名詞在句中作主語(yǔ) , 賓語(yǔ),介詞賓語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)助語(yǔ) ,表語(yǔ)以及名詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。The bag is in the desk. bag 作主語(yǔ)。書(shū)包在桌子里邊。I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作賓
6、語(yǔ)。昨天我洗了我的衣服。This is a good book. book 作表語(yǔ)。這是一本好書(shū)。We elected him our monitor. monitor 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)助語(yǔ)。我們選他為我們的班長(zhǎng)。Mary lives with her parents. parents 作介詞賓語(yǔ) .瑪麗和她的父母親住在一起。He is a Party member. Party 作定語(yǔ).他是一名黨員。They study hard day and ni ght. day and ni gh 作狀語(yǔ)。他們白天黑夜地學(xué)習(xí)。3.可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)(the Singular Nunmbe 和復(fù)數(shù)(thePlur
7、al Number 兩種形式。名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式(The Plural Form Nou ns 的部分規(guī)則如下:1) 一般情況下 ,在詞尾加 -s. 例如:bags,maps,pens,desks,workers2) 以 s,sh,ch,x 等結(jié)尾的詞加-es.例如: buses watches boxes3) 以 ce,se,ze,(d)ge 等結(jié)尾的詞加-s.例如: licences blouses oranges4) 以輔音字母+y 結(jié)尾的詞變 y 為 i 再加-es.例如: babies families5) 名詞以-f 或-fe 結(jié)尾的,把-f 或-fe 變成-ves.bookshelv
8、es, wives, knives 注:英語(yǔ)中有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的 ,需要一一記憶常見(jiàn)的有, man - men woman -womenfoot - feettooth - teethmouse - niceox - oxensheep - sheepdear - dearfish - fish英語(yǔ)中有些名詞總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。scissors 剪刀 goods 貨物 trousers 褲子 clothes 衣服 glasses玻璃杯4.名詞的所有格 (The Possessive Case of Nouns)在英語(yǔ)中 ,名詞的格有三個(gè) ,主格,賓格和所有格。 它們的形式及其變化表示
9、與其他詞的關(guān)系。實(shí)際上 , 主格和賓格通過(guò)它在句中的作用和位置來(lái)確定。The bird is in the tree. 鳥(niǎo)在樹(shù)上。 bird 作主語(yǔ) , 是主格。I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一場(chǎng)電影。 film 作賓語(yǔ) ,是賓格。 名詞的所有格 : 名詞中表示所有關(guān)系的形式叫做名詞所有格。Lu Xuns book is worth reading. 魯迅的書(shū)值得一讀。This is my fathers room.這是我父親的房間。名詞所有格的構(gòu)成單數(shù)名詞 加s 例詞:Mikes father以 s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞 力 例詞:the teachers room 不
10、以 s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞 加s 例詞:mens womens三、代詞 (Pronouns)1.人稱(chēng)代詞 (Personal Pronouns)第一人稱(chēng)單數(shù)主格 1(復(fù)數(shù) We)單數(shù)賓格 me(復(fù)數(shù) us)第二人稱(chēng)單數(shù)主格 you(復(fù)數(shù) you)單數(shù)賓格 you(復(fù)數(shù) you)第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)主格 he,she,it (復(fù)數(shù) they) 單數(shù)賓格 him,her,it (復(fù)數(shù) them)2.物主代詞 (Possessive Pronouns)形容詞性物主代詞第一人稱(chēng)單數(shù) my(復(fù)數(shù) our)形容詞性物主代詞第二人稱(chēng)單數(shù) your(復(fù)數(shù) your)形容詞性物主代詞第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù) his,her,its(復(fù)
11、數(shù) their) 名詞性物主代詞第一人稱(chēng)單數(shù) mine(復(fù)述 ours) 名詞性物主代詞第二人稱(chēng)單數(shù) yours (復(fù)數(shù)yours) 名詞性物主代詞第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù) his,hers,its復(fù)數(shù) theirs)四、 數(shù)詞 (Numeral) 表示數(shù)目多少或順序多少的詞叫數(shù)詞,數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。 表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫 基數(shù)詞;表示順序的數(shù)詞叫 序數(shù)詞。基數(shù)詞 (Cardinal Numbers)1 one 2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty21twenty-one 40fouty 100one h
12、undred五、 動(dòng)詞 (Verb)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (The Simple Present Tense) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)如:He is twelve.She is at home. 表示經(jīng)常的或是習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作 .如:I go to school at 7:30 every day. 表示主語(yǔ)具備的的性格和能力等如:She like apple.They know English.1.動(dòng)詞 be(Verb to be)肯定式 I am.否定 I am not.肯定式 You are.否定式 You are not.肯定式 He/She/It is.否定式 He/She/It is not.
13、疑問(wèn)句和簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)Am I .?Yes,you are./No,I you are not.Are you.?Yes,I am./No,I am not.2.There be 結(jié)構(gòu)There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某時(shí)這樣一種句型,大致相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)某地/某時(shí)有某物/某人的說(shuō)法.句子的 is/are 和后面所跟的名詞在數(shù) 方面必須是一致 .肯定式 :There is(Theres)a table in your room.There are(Therere)some pencils on the desk. 否定式 :There isnot(There isnt)any cats here
14、.There are not(arent)any cats here. 疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)Is there a ruler in your bag?Yes,there is./No,there is not(isnt).Are there any people in that house?Yes,there are./No,there are not(arent).How many kites are there in the sky?There are thirteen.六、介詞 (Prepositions)介詞一般用于名詞或代詞前 ,表示該詞與句子其他成分的關(guān)系 .介詞后面的名詞 或代詞稱(chēng)為
15、介詞賓語(yǔ) .介詞和介詞賓語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ) .本冊(cè)課本出現(xiàn)的介詞短語(yǔ)如下 :at: at home at school at six thirtybehind: behind the door/tree behind ones chair beside: besidethe door beside the house from: from one to a hundredin: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4 in onesschool/grade/class/team/romin your desk/pencil-box/bedroomin the picture in t
16、he same class in different classesin English in the hat in the morning/afternoonlike: like this/thatnear: near the window near the door of: a picture of aclassroom a map of China the name of her cat the wall of theirclassroon on: on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on thebike on the duty to:(
17、a quarter)to ten (go)to school/bed/workunder: under the desk/table under the tree/window under oneschair/bed (1) 表示時(shí)間: at: 表示某一時(shí)間點(diǎn) 如: at noon on:表示特定的日子 如: on Christmas in: 表示一段不具體的時(shí)間如: in the morning , in the Second world war 如表示在某一特定的早上、下午則用 on 如: on a cold morning, on a hotafternoon, on Sunday mo
18、rning during: 表示期間內(nèi)的某個(gè)時(shí)期如 : during the night, during the Second World War for: 其后接表示一段時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度的詞 如: for three days through: 表示在整個(gè)期間沒(méi)有間歇 例: It snowed through the night. till/until: 表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的終點(diǎn)例:I studied hard till twelve oclock last night.by: 表示動(dòng)作完成期限例: Ill be back by five oclock.since: 表示某動(dòng)作的起始點(diǎn)例: I have
19、studied English since1 9 9 0.(2) 表示地點(diǎn):at: 表示較小的地點(diǎn)如: arrived at the school gatein: 表示較大的地點(diǎn) 如:arrived in Shanghai for: 表示目的地 例:Ill leave for Shanghai. above: 表示上面,上方,其反意詞是below over: 表示垂直上方,其反意詞是 under 例: The dogjumped over the table. through: 表示穿過(guò) 如: through theforest across: 表示平原上的跨越 例: I want to wa
20、lk across theroad.七、句子的種類(lèi) (Kinds of Sentences) 英語(yǔ)的句子按照用途可分為以下四類(lèi) : 陳述句 用途是用來(lái)說(shuō)明事實(shí)或說(shuō)話人的看法例句 :I cansee a map on the wall.I think its his.疑問(wèn)句 用途是用來(lái)提出問(wèn)題 . 例句 :Are you Mr Green?Can you find it ? How old are you?祈使句 用途是用來(lái)表示請(qǐng)求和命令 . 例句 : Sstand up.Comein,please.Lets play games.感嘆句 用途是用來(lái)表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的感情 . 例句 :What a fi
21、ne day it is!How beautiful the flowers are!八、一般疑問(wèn)句和 特殊疑問(wèn)句 一般疑問(wèn)句子和特殊疑問(wèn)句 一般疑問(wèn)句(Ge neral Question) 般是指用 Yes 或 No 回答的疑問(wèn)句。例如: Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isnt.Can you see a pencile on the desk? Yes,I can./No,I cant. Doyou play football? Yes,they do./No,they dont. 特殊疑問(wèn)句是以特殊疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句 .(二).形容詞
22、和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí) (The Comparative andSuperlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs) 大多數(shù)形容詞和副詞有三個(gè)等級(jí):1)原級(jí),即原形。2) 比較級(jí),表示“較”或“更一些”的意思。3).最高級(jí),表示“最”的意思。1.形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成(1)規(guī)則變化 單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞一般在詞尾加-er 或-estcold colder coldeststrong stronger strongestfast faster fastestslow slow slowest以字母 e 結(jié)尾的形容詞,加-r 或-stnice ni
23、cer nicestlarge larger largest重讀閉音節(jié)詞只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí),應(yīng)先雙寫(xiě)輔音字母,再加-er 或-estbig bigger biggest thin thinner thinnesthot hotter hottest以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞,先改“ y”為“ i”,再加-er 或-esteasy esaier easiesthappy happier happiestearly earlier earliest少數(shù)以-er,-ow 結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞 clever(聰明的)未尾加-er,-est clever cleverer cleverestnarrow
24、 narrower narrowest 多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞 在詞前加more 或 most delicious more delicious most deliciousinteresting more interesting most interting easily more easilymost easily carefully more carefully most carefully(2)不規(guī)則變化good/wellbetterbestbad/badlyworseworstmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfar farther/furtherfar
25、thest/furthest2.形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的用法 比較級(jí): 表示兩者 (人或事物)的比較 Mr King is taller than Mr ReadThis mooncakes is nicer than that one。The tractor is going faster than the bike。 最高級(jí):表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比較,其中有一個(gè)在某一方面超過(guò) 其他幾個(gè)時(shí),用最高級(jí)。最高級(jí)的前面一般要加定冠詞 the 。后面可帶 of(in) 短語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)明比較的范圍。Whose drawing is he best of all?She is the you
26、ngest in the class.The taxi is going ghe fastest.Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all. 注:在形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)前,有時(shí)可以用 much,a little 等來(lái)修飾, 如: much bettera little taller 二。數(shù)詞( Numerals)(2) 序數(shù)詞( OrdinalNumbers) 序數(shù)詞表示事物的順序,往往與定冠詞 the 連用。fist 1st twentieth 20th second 2nd twenty-first 21th third 3ndthirieth 30th f
27、ourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39th fifth 5nd fortieth 40thsixth 6th fiftieth 50th seventh 7th sixtieth 60th eighth 8thseventieth 70th nineth 9th ninetieth 80th tenth 10th hundredth100th eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st twelfth 12th三、冠詞( Articles) 冠詞是一種虛詞,讓在名詞的前面,幫助說(shuō)明名詞的含義, 冠詞分不定冠詞 (The Indefinite
28、Article)和定冠詞(The Define Article)兩種,a (an)是不定冠詞。a 用在輔音之前,如: a roada boy; a n 用在元音之前,如: an hour ;an old man 等; the是定冠詞。1. 不定冠詞的用法 用于可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前,指人或事物的某一種類(lèi)。Susan is a scientist. Pass me an orange,please. 指某人或某事,但不具體說(shuō)明何人或何物。A boy is looking for you。 We work five days a week。 表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量,但數(shù)的概念沒(méi)有 one 強(qiáng)烈。We a
29、re going to have an English lesson tomorrow。 I have amouth, a nose, two eyes and two ears。 用于某些固定的詞組中。a few , a little , a lot of , a moment ago2. 定冠詞的用法。 特指某些人或某些事物 Show me the photoof the boy。 The book on the desk is mine。 指雙方都知道的人或事物。Where are the new books, Jim?They are on the small table。 指上文提過(guò)
30、的人或事物。Ji Mei lives on a farm。The farm is not big。 用在世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前。The sun is bigger than the moon。用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)前。The first month of the year is January。Walk along this road, and take the fourth turning on the left。用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專(zhuān)有名詞前。the Great Wallthe Womens Hospital用在一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中。in the morning(afternoon,eveni
31、ng),on the left(right),at the back(front)of the day befoeryesterday,all the same3.不用冠詞的情況 在專(zhuān)有名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前,China,Grade Two,Bill Smilk,milk名詞前已有作定語(yǔ)用的 this,that,my,your,some,any 等代詞。The letter is in her bag ,Come this way,please .I have some question.復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類(lèi)人或事物時(shí),My father and mother are teachers.I like
32、cakes.在星期,月份,季節(jié),節(jié)日前,It is Sun day (Mon day, Tuesday etc。)today。June 1st is Childre ns Day in ChinaIt is cold in winter。在稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)或表示頭銜的名詞前。Mr Mott is going on a trip 。What colour are Mrs Greens shoes?在三餐飯和球類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)的名詞前。He went to shool before breakfast this morning。Can you play basketbal?l四、動(dòng)詞( Verbs)(2)1.動(dòng)詞的種
33、類(lèi)( Kinds of Verb)s行為動(dòng)詞 Action Verbs:含有實(shí)在的意義,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),在句中能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。She has some banana。They often come back early。I listen to the radio every day。連系動(dòng)詞 Link Verbs 本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),必須與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)His father is a teacher。Twins usually look the same。Trees turn green。助動(dòng)詞 Auxiliary Verbs 本身沒(méi)有詞義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)
34、成 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,表示否定,疑問(wèn),時(shí)態(tài)或其他語(yǔ)法形式。He does nt speak En glistWe are play ing basketballDo you have a brother? 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 Modal Verbs 本身有一定的意義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,表示說(shuō)話 人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài),情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。She can speak a little En glishMay I speak to Ann,please?We must go now。2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)( The Simple Past Tens)e 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
35、或存在的狀態(tài), 常和過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 如:yesterday, last night, in 1990,two days ago 等,也表示過(guò)去經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的 動(dòng)作,常和 often,always 等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如:I got up at 6: 30 yesterday。My father was at work yesterday afternoon。He always went to work by bus last year一般過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成be肯定句:I was.He (she, it) was.We (You, They) were.否定句 I was not (w
36、as nt) .He (She, It) was not (was nt).We (You, They) were not (werent).work肯定句 I (You,He,She,It, We,You,They)worked。否定句 I (You,He,She,It, We,You,They)did not(didnt)worked。there be肯定句There was .There were .否定句There was not (was nt) .There were not (werent) .疑問(wèn)句和簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)be第一人稱(chēng)Was I.? Yes you were。No, you
37、were not。Were we.? Yes we (you) were。No, we (you) were not。第二人稱(chēng)Were you. ? Yes,I was No, I was not。Were you. ? Yes we were。No, we were not。第三人稱(chēng)Was he (she, it) .? Yes he (she, it) was。No, he (she,it) was not。Were they .? Yes they were。No, they were not。work第一人稱(chēng)Did I work? Yes you did。No, you did not
38、。Did we work? Yes, we(you)did。 No,we(you) did not。第二人稱(chēng)Did you work? Yes, I did。 No,I did not。Did you work? Yes, we did。 No,we did not。第三人稱(chēng)Did he (she, it)work? Yes, he(she, it)did。 No, he(she, it)did not。 Did they work? Yes, they did。 No,theydid not。there beWas there a/any. ? Yes there was。No, there
39、 was not。Was there any.? Yes there were。No, there were not。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式地構(gòu)成一般在動(dòng)詞原形末尾加 -ed 例如 :look looked,play played, 結(jié)尾是 e 的動(dòng)詞加-d 例如:live lived,hope hoped,use used 末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,先雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)輔音字母,再加-ed例如 :stop stopped,plan planned,trip tripped結(jié)尾是輔音字母+y的動(dòng)詞,先變 y 為 i 再加-ed.例如:studystudied carry carried,worry w
40、orried.常見(jiàn)的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞有 :am/is-was are-were go-went have-had do-did get-gotcome-came say-said see-saw put-put eat-ate take-took3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài) (The Simple Future Tense) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) ,也表示將來(lái)將來(lái)經(jīng)常 或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用.如:tomorrow,next,week,next year 等例女口 :I will go to my hometown next week.We will come
41、to see you every Sunday.1)一般將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成 一般將來(lái)時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞will+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成.在口語(yǔ)中,will 在名詞或代詞后常簡(jiǎn)縮為 ll,will not 常簡(jiǎn)縮為wont. 在疑問(wèn)句中 ,主語(yǔ)為第一人稱(chēng) (I 和 well)時(shí),常用助動(dòng)詞 shall.第一人稱(chēng)肯定式l/We will go.否定式l/will not go.疑問(wèn)式Shall/wego ? 第二人稱(chēng)肯定式 You not go 否定式 You will not go 疑問(wèn)句Will you go?第三人稱(chēng)肯定式 He/She/lt/They will go.否定式 He/She/lt/Theywill
42、not go.疑問(wèn)式 Will he/she/it/they go?注:(1)在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,主語(yǔ)式第一人稱(chēng)(I 和 we)時(shí),常用助動(dòng)詞shall+動(dòng)詞原形.例如:l shall write you a letter next month.We shall be very please to see you.(2) 在表示帶意愿色彩的將來(lái)時(shí)常用 will.例如:l will tell you all about it.(3) 在問(wèn)對(duì)方是否愿意,或表示客氣的邀請(qǐng)或命令時(shí),常用 will.例如:Will you go to the zoo with me?Will you please open t
43、he window?(4) 在表示建議或者征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)時(shí),可用 shall.例如:Shall we go at the ten?Shall we get some food?2)用be going to+動(dòng)詞原形表示將要發(fā)生的的事或打算,計(jì)劃,決定要作的事情. 例如:What are you goi ng to n ext Su nday 下星期你打算干什么?Theyre going to meet outside the school gate 他們打算在校門(mén)口見(jiàn)面 .Were not going to have any classes next wee 下一周我們不上課 .五.句子的成分
44、(Members of the sentence) 組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子的成分 ,即:主語(yǔ).謂語(yǔ).表語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) .定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ) . 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是句子的主體部分 .表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)都是謂語(yǔ)里的組成部分 主語(yǔ)(The Subject)表示句子所說(shuō)的是什么人或什么事物,一般由名詞 代詞或相當(dāng)于 名詞的短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng).例句:Lucy is an American girl.We study in No.1 Middle School.謂語(yǔ)(The Predicate 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么,是什么或者是怎么樣謂語(yǔ)(謂語(yǔ)部分里 主要是詞)用動(dòng)詞.謂語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)兩方面必須一致 例如:We l
45、ove China.Mike hope to be a doctor.His parents are farmers.She issinging.表語(yǔ)(The Predicative)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么或者怎么樣,由名詞、形容詞或相當(dāng)于名詞 或形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng),和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。例句:Her aunt is a driver.賓語(yǔ)(The Object 表示動(dòng)作或行為的對(duì)象,由名詞,代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞,短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng),和及物動(dòng)詞一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么.例句:He often helps me.We study English at school. Did you see him yester
46、day?定語(yǔ)(The Attribute)用來(lái)休息名詞或代詞.做定語(yǔ)的除形容詞外,還有代詞,數(shù)詞,名詞介詞短語(yǔ)或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等例句:The black bikeis mine.We have four lessons in the morning.Whats yourname.please?狀語(yǔ)(The Adverbial 用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞或副詞.一般表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間,地點(diǎn) 目的,方式,程度等意義 ,通常由副詞 ,介詞短語(yǔ)或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等來(lái)表示 例句:People are allworking hardt is very nice.We had a meeting th
47、is afternoon.六.句子的種類(lèi) (Kings of Sentence)1. 四種疑問(wèn)句 (Four Kind of Question)選擇疑問(wèn)句 (The Alternative Question) 提出兩種或兩種以上的情況 ,要求對(duì)方選擇一種 ,這種疑問(wèn)句叫選擇疑問(wèn)句 .它的機(jī)構(gòu)是一般疑問(wèn)句加or加一般疑問(wèn)句,但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略.說(shuō) 是 or 前面部分用聲調(diào),后面用降調(diào).如:lsher brother a adoctor or a teacher?Would you like tea or coffee?Shall we go to the cinema o
48、nSaturday or on sunday? 反意疑問(wèn)句 (The Tag Question)反意疑問(wèn)句表示提問(wèn)者有一定的主見(jiàn) ,但沒(méi)有把握 ,希望對(duì)方來(lái)證實(shí) . 反意疑問(wèn)句由兩部分組成 ,前一部分是對(duì)事物的陳述 ,后一部分是簡(jiǎn)單的提問(wèn) .如果前一部分 用肯定的形式 ,后一部分一般用否定的形式 ;前一部分用否定的形式 ,后一部分久用肯定的形式 兩部分的人稱(chēng)和時(shí)態(tài)要一致 .反意疑問(wèn)句陳述的部分用降調(diào) .后辦部分可升可降 .提問(wèn)者對(duì)陳述部分把握較大時(shí) ,后半部分用 降調(diào);把握不大時(shí),用降調(diào).Theweather here is very cold,isnt it?Youre from Austr
49、alia,arent you? Yes,l am .對(duì)反意疑問(wèn)句的回答,不管問(wèn)題的提法如何,若事實(shí)是肯定的,就要用 Yes 事實(shí)是否定的,就要 用 no.這和漢語(yǔ)不一樣,應(yīng)該注意.如:He isnt going to the meeting,is he?它不去參加會(huì)是嗎?Yes,he is 不,他要去的.No ,he isnt.對(duì)他不起.2. 感嘆句 (The Exclamatory Sentence)感嘆句多用 how 和 what 引起 .how 和 what 與所修飾的詞放在句首 ,其他部分用陳訴語(yǔ)氣 .在口語(yǔ) 中謂語(yǔ)常省略(1) how 作狀語(yǔ),修飾形容詞 ,副詞和動(dòng)詞 .如:How
50、cold it is today!How delicious they are!How beautiful the flowers are!How I miss you!(2) what 作定語(yǔ),修飾名詞(名詞前可由其他定語(yǔ)),單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前要加不定冠詞 a(an).如:What a good idear!What a beautiful day!What a happy woman!感嘆句用來(lái)表示強(qiáng)烈的感情 .句末要用感嘆號(hào) !,讀時(shí)要用降調(diào) .在口語(yǔ)中常用省略句 .后面的 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)往往省略,由時(shí)候只用一個(gè)詞或者是詞組.如:How cold! Wonderful!一、動(dòng)詞 (Verbs)1
51、.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (The Present Perfect Tense)(1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞 have(has)+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成?,F(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞work 為例,將現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定式、否定式和疑問(wèn)式以及簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)列表如下:r H. h*肯定式I/You have worked。He/She/It has worked。We/You/They have worked。否定式I/You have not worked。He/She/It has not worked。We/You/They have not worked。疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)略回答Have I/you worked?Yes, yo
52、u/I have。 No, you/I have not。Has he/she/it worked?Yes, he/she/it has。 No, he/she/it hasnot。Have we/you/they worked ? Yes you/we/they have。No,you/we/they have not。注:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成與動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式相同(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。Have you had your lunch yet? Yes, I have。 Ive just had it。I have already pos
53、ted the photos。 表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),可以和表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段 時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。表示持續(xù)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞多是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。I havent seen her these days.Ive known LiLei for three years.Ive been at this school for over two years.They have lived here since 1996.How long have you worked in this library?She has taught us since I came to thi
54、s school.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和 already, never, just, before , yet 等狀語(yǔ)連用。Have you ever eaten fish and chips?Ive just lost my science book.Ive never been to that farm before.I havent learned the word yet. have(has)been 和have(has)gone 的區(qū)別: have(has) been 表示“曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地” , have(has)gone 表示“已經(jīng)去過(guò)某地了” Where has hebeen? 他剛才跑
55、到哪去了?Where has he go ne?他到哪去了?She has been to Shanghai 她到過(guò)上海。She has gone to Shanghai 她到上海去了。注:非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),如:I havent bought anything for two months。(3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果, 強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況, 所以它不能和 表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如: yesterday, last night, threeweeks ago, in 1990 等,而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示 過(guò)去動(dòng)
56、作或狀態(tài), 和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系, 它可以和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:I have seen the film。我看過(guò)這部電影。I saw the film last week。我上星期看了這個(gè)電影。He has lived here since 1992。 1992 年以來(lái)他一直住在這里。He lived here in 1992。 1992 年他住在這里。2. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) (The Futere-in-the-Past Tense)(1) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞 would+動(dòng)詞圓形”構(gòu)成。would ??s略為do(2) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間看來(lái)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的
57、狀態(tài)。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)常用在賓語(yǔ)從句中。如:I didnt know if she would come。I wasnt sure whether he would do it。Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle n ext Saturday過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)也可以用“ was(were) going to +動(dòng)詞原形”來(lái)表示。如:I didnt know if she was going to come。Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle n extSaterday3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí) (
58、The Past Perfect Tense)(1) .過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞 had(用于各種人稱(chēng)和數(shù))+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成(2) .過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作, 它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是 “過(guò) 去的過(guò)去”表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間可用 by, before 等構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ), 也可用 when,before 等引導(dǎo)的從句或者通過(guò)上下 文表示。例句By the end of the match ,they had scored two goals and we hadscored four.We had reached the station be
59、fore ten oclock.When I got there ,you had already started playing .We did as he had told us.He said he had never seen such an exciting match before .By the time we got there,the bus had already gone.4.動(dòng)詞不定式 (The Ivnfinitive)(1) 動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是“ to+動(dòng)詞原形”,有時(shí)可以不帶to,動(dòng)詞不定式(或不定式短語(yǔ))沒(méi)有人稱(chēng) 和數(shù)的變化。在句子中不能作謂語(yǔ)。 動(dòng)詞不定式仍
60、保持動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)。 即可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。 動(dòng)詞不定式同它 的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。如:to read the newspaper, to speak at themeeting 等(2) 動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞,形容詞和副詞的特征,因此在句中可以作主語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、 定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)She wanted to borrow my CD player.They began to read and write。作狀語(yǔ)She went to see her gran dma last Sunda。He came to give us a talk yesterday作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Luc
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